Thomas P. Bernstein | |
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Awards | Guggenheim Fellowship (1981) |
Academic background | |
Education | |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Comparative politics |
Institutions |
Thomas Paul Bernstein (born April 11,1937) is an American political scientist and specialist in the Chinese political economy and communist systems. He is an emeritus professor at Columbia University. [1]
Bernstein earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University and joined the Columbia faculty in 1975. Bernstein has written about the collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union and China, [2] state-peasant relations, [3] [4] economic growth during China's reform and opening period, [5] and Sino-Soviet relations. [6] He served as two-time chairman of Columbia's department of political science and retired from teaching in 2007. [1]
Bernstein received a 1981 Guggenheim Fellowship. [7]
Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman. He served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1978 to 1989. After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976,Deng rose to power and led China through a period of Reform and Opening Up that transformed China's economy into a socialist market economy. Deng is widely regarded as the "Architect of Modern China" for his contributions to socialism with Chinese characteristics and Deng Xiaoping Theory.
Democracy movements of China are a series of organized political movements,inside and outside of China,addressing a variety of grievances,including objections to socialist bureaucratism and objections to the continuation of the one-party rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) itself. The Democracy Wall movement of November 1978 to spring 1981 is typically regarded as the beginning of contemporary Chinese democracy movement. In addition to the Democracy Wall movement,the events of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre are among the notable examples of Chinese democracy movements.
Maoism,officially Mao Zedong Thought,is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural,pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China. A difference between Maoism and traditional Marxism–Leninism is that a united front of progressive forces in class society would lead the revolutionary vanguard in pre-industrial societies rather than communist revolutionaries alone. This theory,in which revolutionary praxis is primary and ideological orthodoxy is secondary,represents urban Marxism–Leninism adapted to pre-industrial China. Later theoreticians expanded on the idea that Mao had adapted Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions,arguing that he had in fact updated it fundamentally and that Maoism could be applied universally throughout the world. This ideology is often referred to as Marxism–Leninism–Maoism to distinguish it from the original ideas of Mao.
The Great Leap Forward was an economic and social campaign within the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1958 to 1962,led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Party Chairman Mao Zedong launched the campaign to reconstruct the country from an agrarian economy into an industrialized society through the formation of people's communes. Millions of people died in mainland China during the Great Leap,with estimates based on demographic reconstruction ranging from 15 to 55 million,making the Great Chinese Famine the largest or second-largest famine in human history.
The time period in China from the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 until Mao's death in 1976 is commonly known as Maoist China and Red China. The history of the People's Republic of China is often divided distinctly by historians into the Mao era and the post-Mao era. The country's Mao era lasted from the founding of the People's republic on 1 October 1949 to Deng Xiaoping's consolidation of power and policy reversal at the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress on 22 December 1978. The Mao era focuses on Mao Zedong's social movements from the early 1950s on,including land reform,the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. The Great Chinese Famine,one of the worst famines in human history,occurred during this era.
Elections in the People's Republic of China occur under a one-party authoritarian political system controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Direct elections,except in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau,occur only at the local level people's congresses and village committees,with all candidate nominations preapproved by the CCP. By law,all elections at all levels must adhere to the leadership of the CCP.
The first five-year plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals,implemented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin,based on his policy of socialism in one country. Leon Trotsky had delivered a joint report to the April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialisation and the replacement of annual plans with five-year plans. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. Stalin's version of the five-year plan was implemented in 1928 and took effect until 1932.
Rural society in the People's Republic of China encompasses less than half of China's population and has a varied range of standard of living and means of living. Life in rural China differs from that of urban China. In southern and coastal China,rural areas are developing and,in some cases,statistically approaching urban economies. In northwest and western regions,rural society is still perceived as lowly and primitive. Basic needs such as running water and accessible transportation are a problem in these areas.
Xinye is one of the counties of Nanyang that lies in the southwest of Henan province,China. To the south lies the prefecture-level city of Xiangyang in Hubei province,to the east is Tanghe County and to the west is the county-level city of Dengzhou. According to the 2020 Chinese Census,the population of Xinye county is 602,827. Its total area is 1,062 km2 (410 sq mi).
The social structure of China has an expansive history which begins from the feudal society of Imperial China to the contemporary era. There was a Chinese nobility,beginning with the Zhou dynasty. However,after the Song dynasty,the powerful government offices were not hereditary. Instead,they were selected through the imperial examination system,of written examinations based on Confucian thought,thereby undermining the power of the hereditary aristocracy.
Industrialization in the Soviet Union was a process of accelerated building-up of the industrial potential of the Soviet Union to reduce the economy's lag behind the developed capitalist states,which was carried out from May 1929 to June 1941.
Renshou County is a county in Meishan City,Sichuan Province of China. It is located in Middle-West of Sichuan Basin. It has an area of 2,716.86 km2 (1,048.99 sq mi),and population of 1,540,000. Founded in the Qin dynasty. Its name may derive from the first Sui Dynasty emperor's palace located in Shaanxi province,Renshou palace. During the Southern Dynasties it was called Huairen County (怀仁县) and in the Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties it was called Puning County (普宁县). Its name was changed to Renshou in 598 during the Sui Dynasty.
India and the Soviet Union had cooperative and friendly relations. During the Cold War (1947–1991),India did not choose sides between the Capitalist Bloc and the Communist Bloc and was a leading country of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Relations ended in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The Chinese economic reform or Chinese economic miracle,also known domestically as reform and opening-up,refers to a variety of economic reforms termed "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "socialist market economy" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that began in the late 20th century,after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. Guided by Deng Xiaoping,who is often credited as the "General Architect",the reforms were launched by reformists within the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on December 18,1978,during the "Boluan Fanzheng" period. The reforms briefly went into stagnation after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre,but were revived after Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992. The reforms led to significant economic growth for China within the successive decades;this phenomenon has since been seen as an "economic miracle". In 2010,China overtook Japan as the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP,before overtaking the United States in 2016 as the world's largest economy by GDP (PPP). On the other hand,a parallel set of political reforms were launched by Deng and his allies in the 1980s,but eventually ended in 1989 due to the crackdown on Tiananmen Square protests,halting further political liberalization.
The International Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,also known as the International Liaison Department (ILD),is an agency under the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in charge of establishing and maintaining relations with foreign political parties and other foreign organizations.
The Chinese Communist Revolution was a social revolution in China that began in 1927 and culminated with the proclamation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. For the preceding century,termed the century of humiliation,China had faced escalating social,economic,and political problems as a result of Western and Japanese imperialism,and the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Cyclical famines and an oppressive landlord system kept the large mass of rural peasantry poor and politically disenfranchised. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was formed by young urban intellectuals in 1921,inspired by European socialist ideas and the success of the Russian October Revolution in 1917. In the First United Front,the Communists initially allied themselves with the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) against the forces of local warlords and foreign imperialists,but the 1927 Shanghai massacre targeting Communists ordered by KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek marked the start of the Chinese Civil War between Nationalists and Communists that would ultimately last more than three decades.
Agrarian socialism is a political ideology that promotes social ownership of agrarian and agricultural production as opposed to private ownership. Agrarian socialism involves equally distributing agricultural land among collectivized peasant villages. Many agrarian socialist movements have tended to be rural,locally focused,and traditional. Governments and political parties seeking agrarian socialist policies have existed throughout the world,in regions including Europe,Asia,North America,Latin America,and Africa.
Marxist historiography,or historical materialist historiography,is an influential school of historiography. The chief tenets of Marxist historiography include the centrality of social class,social relations of production in class-divided societies that struggle against each other,and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes. Marxist historians follow the tenets of the development of class-divided societies,especially modern capitalist ones.
Jean C. Oi is an American political scientist and expert in the politics of China. She is the William Haas Professor in Chinese Politics in the department of political science at Stanford University. She is also a senior fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. She studies political economy and fiscal reform,particularly in rural China. Oi was president of the Association for Asian Studies between March 2022 and December 2023.
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