Related Research Articles
In social psychology, the fundamental attribution error (FAE) is a cognitive attribution bias in which observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors. In other words, observers tend to overattribute the behaviors of others to their personality (e.g., he is late because he's selfish) and underattribute them to the situation or context (e.g., he is late because he got stuck in traffic). Although personality traits and predispositions are considered to be observable facts in psychology, the fundamental attribution error is an error because it misinterprets their effects.
Birth order refers to the order a child is born in their family; first-born and second-born are examples. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development. This assertion has been repeatedly challenged. Recent research has consistently found that earlier born children score slightly higher on average on measures of intelligence, but has found zero, or almost zero, robust effect of birth order on personality. Nevertheless, the notion that birth-order significantly influences personality continues to have a strong presence in pop psychology and popular culture.
Self-handicapping is a cognitive strategy by which people avoid effort in the hopes of keeping potential failure from hurting self-esteem. It was first theorized by Edward E. Jones and Steven Berglas, according to whom self-handicaps are obstacles created, or claimed, by the individual in anticipation of failing performance.
In trait theory, the Big Five personality traits is a group of five unique characteristics used to study personality:
An only child is a person with no siblings, by birth or adoption.
Surgency is a trait aspect of emotional reactivity in which a person tends towards high levels of positive affect. The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines it as "a personality trait marked by cheerfulness, responsiveness, spontaneity, and sociability but at a level below that of extraversion or mania."
Integrative complexity is a research psychometric that refers to the degree to which thinking and reasoning involve the recognition and integration of multiple perspectives and possibilities and their interrelated contingencies.
Confidence is the feeling of belief or trust that a person or thing is reliable. Self-confidence is trust in oneself. Self-confidence involves a positive belief that one can generally accomplish what one wishes to do in the future. Self-confidence is not the same as self-esteem, which is an evaluation of one's worth. Self-confidence is related to self-efficacy—belief in one's ability to accomplish a specific task or goal. Confidence can be a self-fulfilling prophecy, as those without it may fail because they lack it, and those with it may succeed because they have it rather than because of an innate ability or skill.
Personality development encompasses the dynamic construction and deconstruction of integrative characteristics that distinguish an individual in terms of interpersonal behavioral traits. Personality development is ever-changing and subject to contextual factors and life-altering experiences. Personality development is also dimensional in description and subjective in nature. That is, personality development can be seen as a continuum varying in degrees of intensity and change. It is subjective in nature because its conceptualization is rooted in social norms of expected behavior, self-expression, and personal growth. The dominant viewpoint in personality psychology indicates that personality emerges early and continues to develop across one's lifespan. Adult personality traits are believed to have a basis in infant temperament, meaning that individual differences in disposition and behavior appear early in life, potentially before language of conscious self-representation develop. The Five Factor Model of personality maps onto the dimensions of childhood temperament. This suggests that individual differences in levels of the corresponding personality traits are present from young ages.
In psychology, the theory of attachment can be applied to adult relationships including friendships, emotional affairs, adult romantic and carnal relationships and, in some cases, relationships with inanimate objects. Attachment theory, initially studied in the 1960s and 1970s primarily in the context of children and parents, was extended to adult relationships in the late 1980s. The working models of children found in Bowlby's attachment theory form a pattern of interaction that is likely to continue influencing adult relationships.
Susan Tufts Fiske is an American psychologist who serves as the Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology and Public Affairs in the Department of Psychology at Princeton University. She is a social psychologist known for her work on social cognition, stereotypes, and prejudice. Fiske leads the Intergroup Relations, Social Cognition, and Social Neuroscience Lab at Princeton University. Her theoretical contributions include the development of the stereotype content model, ambivalent sexism theory, power as control theory, and the continuum model of impression formation.
Positive illusions are unrealistically favorable attitudes that people have towards themselves or to people that are close to them. Positive illusions are a form of self-deception or self-enhancement that feel good; maintain self-esteem; or avoid discomfort, at least in the short term. There are three general forms: inflated assessment of one's own abilities, unrealistic optimism about the future, and an illusion of control. The term "positive illusions" originates in a 1988 paper by Taylor and Brown. "Taylor and Brown's (1988) model of mental health maintains that certain positive illusions are highly prevalent in normal thought and predictive of criteria traditionally associated with mental health."
Self-enhancement is a type of motivation that works to make people feel good about themselves and to maintain self-esteem. This motive becomes especially prominent in situations of threat, failure or blows to one's self-esteem. Self-enhancement involves a preference for positive over negative self-views. It is one of the three self-evaluation motives along with self-assessment and self-verification . Self-evaluation motives drive the process of self-regulation, that is, how people control and direct their own actions.
In psychology, avoidance coping is a coping mechanism and form of experiential avoidance. It is characterized by a person's efforts, conscious or unconscious, to avoid dealing with a stressor in order to protect oneself from the difficulties the stressor presents. Avoidance coping can lead to substance abuse, social withdrawal, and other forms of escapism. High levels of avoidance behaviors may lead to a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder, though not everyone who displays such behaviors meets the definition of having this disorder. Avoidance coping is also a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder and related to symptoms of depression and anxiety. Additionally, avoidance coping is part of the approach-avoidance conflict theory introduced by psychologist Kurt Lewin.
Goal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. A mastery orientation is also sometimes referred to as a learning orientation.
Self-concealment is a psychological construct defined as "a predisposition to actively conceal from others personal information that one perceives as distressing or negative". Its opposite is self-disclosure.
The six-factor model of psychological well-being is a theory developed by Carol Ryff that determines six factors that contribute to an individual's psychological well-being, contentment, and happiness. Psychological well-being consists of self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, a feeling of purpose and meaning in life, and personal growth and development. Psychological well-being is attained by achieving a state of balance affected by both challenging and rewarding life events.
Monica R. Biernat is a social psychologist known for her research on social judgment, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. She is a University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of Kansas.
Puritanical bias refers to the tendency to attribute cause of an undesirable outcome or wrongdoing by an individual to a moral deficiency or lack of self control rather than taking into account the impact of broader societal determinants. An example might be, "These people sit around all day in their apartments on welfare watching TV, but won't take the time to get out and find a job!" In this case, a selection of persons might have existed for some time under dire economic and/or socially oppressive circumstances, but individuals from that selection have been cognitively dis-empowered by these circumstances to decide or act on decisions to obtain a given goal.
Camille B. Wortman is a clinical health psychologist and expert on grief and coping in response to traumatic events and loss. She is an Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Stony Brook University.
References
- ↑ Sandler, Lauren (2010-07-08). "The Only Child: Debunking the Myths". Time. ISSN 0040-781X . Retrieved 2018-11-28.
- ↑ "Talking with Toni Falbo". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
- 1 2 3 "Toni Falbo | College of Education | UT Austin |". education.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
- ↑ "Newman-Proshansky Career Achievement Award". www.apadivisions.org. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
- ↑ "Toni Falbo | Jackson School of Geosciences | The University of Texas at Austin". www.jsg.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
- ↑ Romo, Harriett, Falbo, Toni (1996). Latino high school graduation: Defying the odds . Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292724945. OCLC 32393182.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Padilla, Yolanda C. (1997). "BOOK REVIEW: "Latino High School Graduation: Defying the Odds"". Reflections: Narratives of Professional Helping. 3 (4). ISSN 1080-0220.
- ↑ The single-child family. Falbo, Toni. New York: Guilford Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0898626308. OCLC 9489481.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Koch-Hattem, Alberta (1986). "Book Review of The Single-Child Family". Family Relations. 35 (1): 224. doi:10.2307/584306. ISSN 0197-6664. JSTOR 584306.
- ↑ Falbo, Toni (1975). "Achievement attributions of kindergarteners". Developmental Psychology. 11 (4): 529–530. doi:10.1037/h0076674. ISSN 0012-1649.
- ↑ Falbo, Toni (1977). "The only child: A review". Journal of Individual Psychology. 33 (1): 47–61. PMID 400899.
- 1 2 "Talking with Toni Falbo". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ↑ Toni, Falbo. "China's One Child Policy and Children's Outcomes". Grantome.
- ↑ Falbo, Toni; Peplau, Letitia A. (1980). "Power strategies in intimate relationships". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38 (4): 618–628. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.618. ISSN 0022-3514.
- ↑ Falbo, Toni (1977). "Multidimensional scaling of power strategies". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 35 (8): 537–547. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.8.537. ISSN 0022-3514.
- ↑ Falbo, Toni; Lein, Laura; Amador, Nicole A. (2001). "Parental Involvement during the Transition to High School". Journal of Adolescent Research. 16 (5): 511–529. doi:10.1177/0743558401165006. ISSN 0743-5584. S2CID 145663332.
- ↑ Falbo, T. (1982). "China and the one-child family. The one-child family in the United States: research issues and results". Studies in Family Planning. 13 (6–7): 212–215. doi:10.2307/1965450. ISSN 0039-3665. JSTOR 1965450. PMID 7112632.
- ↑ Falbo, Toni (2018). "Evaluations of the behavioral attributes of only children in Beijing, China: moderating effects of gender and the one-child policy". Heliyon. 4 (4): e00607. Bibcode:2018Heliy...400607F. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00607 . ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 5968199 . PMID 29862368.
- ↑ Falbo, Toni; Hooper, Sophia Y. (2015). "China's only children and psychopathology: A quantitative synthesis". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 85 (3): 259–274. doi:10.1037/ort0000058. ISSN 1939-0025. PMC 4465561 . PMID 25894306.
- 1 2 Falbo, Toni; Polit, Denise F. (1986). "Quantitative review of the only child literature: Research evidence and theory development". Psychological Bulletin. 100 (2): 176–189. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.2.176. ISSN 1939-1455.
- ↑ Polit, D. F., Falbo, T. (1987). "Only Children and Personality Development: A Quantitative Review". Journal of Marriage and Family. 49 (2): 309–325. doi:10.2307/352302. JSTOR 352302.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Polit, Denise F.; Falbo, Toni (1988). "The Intellectual Achievement of Only Children". Journal of Biosocial Science. 20 (3): 275–85. doi:10.1017/s0021932000006611. ISSN 0021-9320. PMID 3063715. S2CID 34618696.
- ↑ Falbo, Toni (1987). "Only children in the United States and China". Applied Social Psychology Annual. 7: 159–183.
- 1 2 Falbo, Toni; Kim, Sunghun; Chen, Kuan-Yi (2009). "Alternate models of sibling status effects on health in later life". Developmental Psychology. 45 (3): 677–687. doi:10.1037/a0013941. ISSN 0012-1649. PMID 19413424.
- ↑ "Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Homepage". www.ssc.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
