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The Holy See, also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and the Vatican City State. It encompasses the office of the pope as the bishop of the Apostolic episcopal see of Rome and serves as the spiritual and administrative authority of the worldwide Catholic Church and the city-state. Under international law, the Holy See holds the status of a sovereign juridical entity.
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State, is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave originally located in Rome, Italy. It became independent from Italy in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity under international law, which maintains the city-state's temporal power and governance, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. The Vatican is also a metonym for the pope, the city-state's and worldwide Catholic Church government Holy See, and Roman Curia. The country has the world's smallest land area and the smallest population, with 764 citizens as of 2023.
The flag of Vatican City, also referred to as the flag of the Holy See, was adopted in 1929, the year Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy, creating the new independent state of Vatican City. The Holy See, which governs Vatican City, has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the worldwide Catholic Church. As a result, the flag is also a symbol of Catholic faith or identity, and is often displayed at Catholic churches.
Thomas J. Reese, is an American Catholic Jesuit priest, author, and journalist. He is a senior analyst at Religion News Service, a former columnist at National Catholic Reporter, and a former editor-in-chief of the weekly Catholic magazine America.
The Vatican City national football team is the football team that represents Vatican City under the control of the Vatican Amateur Sports Association, headquartered in the Vatican's Cortile di San Damaso. The Vatican City football association was founded in 1972. Its current president is Domenico Ruggiero. Massimiliano Strapetti, an Italian, is the current head coach.
Silvia Federici is an Italian-American scholar, teacher, and feminist activist based in New York. She is a professor emerita and teaching fellow at Hofstra University in New York State, where she was a social science professor. She also taught at the University of Port Harcourt in Nigeria from 1984 to 1986. In 1972, with Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, she co-founded the International Feminist Collective, the organization that launched the campaign for Wages for Housework. In 1990, Federici co-founded the Committee for Academic Freedom in Africa (CAFA), and, with Ousseina Alidou, was the editor of the CAFA bulletin for over a decade. She was also a member of the Academic Association of Africa Scholars (ACAS) and among the voices generating support for the struggles of students across the African continent and in the United States. In 1995, in the course of the campaign to demand the liberation of Mumia Abu-Jamal, she cofounded the Radical Philosophy Association (RPA) anti-death penalty project, an organization intended to help educators become a driving force towards its abolition. From 1979 to 2003, she was a member of the Midnight Notes Collective.
Mirella Gregori mysteriously disappeared from Rome on 7 May 1983, about forty days before the disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi, a citizen of Vatican City. Both vanishings are unsolved as of today.
Australian People for Health, Education and Development Abroad (APHEDA), also known as Union Aid Abroad, is a non-government organisation of the Australian union movement. The non-government organisation was established in 1984 as the international aid agency of the Australian Council of Trade Unions. APHEDA was initiated in the pursuit of global justice through “stronger union and social movements, sustainable development programs, global solidarity and support in times of crisis” in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, the Middle East, South Africa and the Caribbean. APHEDA is also a registered charity with the Australian Charities and Not for Profits Commission.
The Vatican Railway was opened in 1934 to serve Vatican City and its only station, Vatican City. The main rail tracks are standard gauge and 300 metres (980 ft) long, with two freight sidings, making it the shortest national railway system in the world. Access to the Italian rail network is over a viaduct to Roma San Pietro railway station, and is guaranteed by the Lateran Treaty dating from 1929. The tracks and station were constructed during the reign of Pope Pius XI, shortly after the treaty.
Alois Estermann was the 31st Commander of the Pontifical Swiss Guard. Estermann and his wife were murdered in his apartment in Vatican City on 4 May 1998, the same day he was confirmed in his position after serving as acting commander for over a year. His murderer, Vice Corporal Cédric Tornay, then killed himself. Estermann's death spawned numerous conspiracy theories.
Giuseppe Bertello is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, a cardinal since 2012, who was President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President of the Governorate of Vatican City State from October 2011 to October 2021. He worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1971 to 2011; became an archbishop in 1987; held appointments as Nuncio to several countries, including Rwanda, Mexico, and Italy; and was the Holy See's representative to a number of international organizations.
Fidesco is a Catholic non-governmental organization for volunteering to development projects in countries in the global south, founded in 1981, and is run by the Emmanuel Community, following a meeting in the Vatican City with African bishops.
Women account for approximately 5.5% of the citizenry of Vatican City. According to the Herald Sun in March 2011, there were only 32 females out of 572 citizens issued with Vatican passports and one of them was a nun. In 2013, Worldcrunch reported that there were around 30 women who were citizens of Vatican City, including two South American women, two Poles, and three from Switzerland. The majority of Vatican women at the time were from Italy.
The Vatican City Championship is the top men's association football league of Vatican City. Founded in 1972 as the Coppa Amicizia, teams are composed of workers representing various state departments. Teams are permitted to field an outside player from Italian amateur teams to play as goalkeeper, and players combine to form the Vatican City national team for rare friendly matches. The Vatican football association, Federazione Vaticanese Giuoco Calcio, is not a member of FIFA and is overseen by its president Domenico Regards as of May 2014. All matches are played at the Associazione Sportivo La Salle complex in Western Rome, although the larger Campo Cardinale Francis Joseph Spellman served as home until recently. The league has amateur status with matches and training taking place outside of work hours. Matches take place on Mondays and Tuesdays. Equipment and uniforms are occasionally donated by organizations and benefactors with deficits being covered by the Vatican government. The league takes place between October and May each year with a two-month break in December and January.
The Vatican City women's national football team is the team that represents Vatican City in association football and is under the control of the Vatican Amateur Sports Association, headquartered in the Vatican's Cortile di San Damaso. Gianfranco Guadagnoli, an Italian, is the current head coach, in addition to being the coach of the men's national team. Susan Volpini is the current manager.
Paloma García Ovejero is a Spanish journalist. She began her career as a news editor and broadcast journalist for Cadena COPE and Radio Nacional de España. In 2016 she became the first woman to serve as Vice Director of the Holy See Press Office. Since her resignation from her Vatican position in December 2018, she works as a television reporter for Trece in the United Kingdom.
Alessandra Smerilli, F.M.A. is an Italian economist, academic, and Catholic religious sister. She has a post-PhD degree in political economy and statistics, obtained from the Pontifical Faculty of Educational Sciences Auxilium.
Raffaella Petrini is an Italian religious sister of the congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Eucharist and a Roman Curia official.
Lida Rose McCabe was an American writer, journalist, and lecturer. She is remembered as the first woman reporter who traveled to the Klondike. Her first book, Don't You Remember? (1884) was a reminiscence of Columbus, Ohio's early days. In the midst of an active newspaper life in New York City, she found time for the writing of other books, including The American Girl at College (1893) and Ardent Adrienne: The Life of Madame de La Fayette (1930), as well as magazine articles. McCabe contributed to the Popular Science Monthly, Lippincott's Monthly Magazine, McClure's, The Cosmopolitan, St. Nicholas Magazine, Book Buyer, The Outlook, The Bookman, and Town & Country, and syndicated all leading newspaper in the U.S. and abroad. She was also Paris correspondent for the New-York Tribune and the American Press Association (1889–90).
Sport in Vatican City plays an important role in the culture of the nation. The Vatican's attitude toward sport has been generally positive; outside of competitive play, it is stated to be a way of spirituality, interfaith dialogue, promoting peace with other nations, diplomacy, and fraternity. With this, the nation has teams that compete in athletics, cricket, cycling, football, padel, and taekwondo.
References
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- 1 2 3 4 5 San Martín, Inés (December 8, 2016). "Women working in the Vatican create their own association". Crux. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- 1 2 Brockhaus, Hannah (December 7, 2016). "Women at the Vatican form association for solidarity". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- 1 2 3 Senèz, Nicolas (December 19, 2016). "Vatican women found a new organization". La Croix International. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- 1 2 "Vatican establishes D.VA, its first-ever women's association". La Stampa. December 7, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- 1 2 Thiel, Marie-Jo (February 19, 2019). L'église catholique face aux abus sexuels sur mineurs (in French). Bayard Culture. ISBN 978-2-227-49363-6.