Trademark Clearinghouse

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Trademark Clearinghouse
Trademark Clearinghouse Logo.png
FocusCentralized database of verified trademarks for use in Domain Name System
Designated by ICANN
Website www.trademark-clearinghouse.com

The Trademark Clearinghouse is a database of validated and registered trademarks established by ICANN to assist trademark holders prevent infringing behavior in the Domain Name System. In combination with the Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS), it is the second significant attempt by ICANN to handle the "Trademark Dilemma". [1] The first attempt was the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy.

Contents

The Trademark Clearinghouse is not a trademark office. Rights holders who register their marks with the Trademark Clearinghouse must still register with their country's trademark office. The primary purpose of the Trademark Clearinghouse is to maintain a global database of verified trademarks for the Domain Name System. [2]

The Trademark Clearinghouse is strictly for second-level domain names. Other mechanisms exist to protect trademark in the new gTLDs themselves. [3] All new gTLD registries are required to use the Trademark Clearinghouse and URS for protection of Second-level domains. [2]

History

One of the initial tasks of ICANN when it was formed was to deal with the so-called "Trademark Dilemma", [1] [4] which is determining the appropriate balance of rights between domain name holders and trademark owners. So in December 1999 ICANN launched the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy. Starting in 2008 [5] ICANN began a new program to launch many more new Generic top-level domains. As part of this program ICANN envisioned a replacement program for the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy.

On March 6, 2009 ICANN commissioned 18 intellectual property experts from around the world entitled the Implementation Recommendation Team (IRT). They produced a report on May 29, 2009 with numerous recommendations to protect intellectual property rights holders. Most importantly, the report recommended an Intellectual Property Clearinghouse be created in concert with a Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS). [6]

The recommendation of the Intellectual Property Clearinghouse became the basis for the Trademark Clearinghouse and together with the URS eventually replaced the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy.

On May 28, 2010 ICANN published the Trademark Clearinghouse Proposal. [7] The proposal emerged from an ICANN meeting held in Nairobi between the 7th and 12 March 2010. In the proposal both the Trademark Clearinghouse and the Universal Rapid Suspension program were proposed as possible replacements for the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy.

In November 2012 ICANN organized meetings in Los Angeles and Brussels to consider the implementation of the Trademark Clearinghouse for new top level domains. [8] The outcome of these meetings was a straw man proposal for the Trademark Clearinghouse. [9]

In March 2013 the Trademark Clearinghouse launched. [10]

Controversy

The new gTLD program initially faced heavy criticism from many brand owners. Specifically, the Association of National Advertisers created an organization called Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight (CRIDO) [11] and began lobbying ICANN to halt the new gTLD rollout. The brand owners saw the creation of more gTLDs as a further cost to protect their trademarks from cybersquatting. They wanted strong trademark protections built into the new gTLD program. [12] [13] [14]

Milton Mueller, a professor at Syracuse University and frequent critic of ICANN, argues that the creation of the Trademark Clearinghouse was entirely hijacked by the advertising and intellectual property stakeholders, primarily by groups like the Association of National Advertisers (ANA). He argues that ICANN staff ignored its established bottom up processes when it did not suit them, and instead implemented the straw man proposal against the wishes of the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO), Noncommercial Stakeholders Group (NCSG), and numerous other stakeholders. [15]

DNS news site DomainIncite.com has also been critical of the Trademark Clearinghouse development process. [16]

Brussels and Los Angeles meetings

Many non-commercial observers have criticised ICANN for the way in which the Trademark Clearinghouse was developed. Most of this criticism has stemmed from a lack of openness concerning the proceedings at the Los Angeles and Brussels meetings. In response to this criticism ICANN's Ombudsman opened a probe into the closed door nature of these meetings in December 2012. [17]

Robin Gross, chair of ICANN's Noncommercial Stakeholders Group (NCSG) claimed that the NCSG was largely ignored during the proceedings, while the Business Constituency and Intellectual Property Constituency were overly represented. [8] Using ICANN's Documentary Information Disclosure Program (DIDP) process, ICANN's version of a FOIA request, the NCSG requested all information concerning the Los Angeles and Brussels meetings. In response, the NCSG received no new information [18]

The NCSG criticised the Brussels meeting immediately prior to it. In response, Fadi Chehade, CEO of ICANN, explained the purpose of the meeting in Brussels as simply an informal white board brainstorming session. [19] After the meeting Chehade wrote a blog post detailing what happened at the Brussels meeting. [20]

Red Cross / Red Crescent

On June 25, 2014, ICANN's Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) issued a comminuque entitled, "Protection of Red Cross / Red Crescent Names". The communique exempted the 'terms and names associated with the Red Cross and Red Crescent' from trademark protection while still affording them protected status. The communique advised that the names not be subject to policy considerations relating to trademark, because they cannot receive adequate treatment under trademark law. Instead the permanent protection of these names should be confirmed. [21]

In response, ICANN's Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) suggested the names simply be added to the Trademark Clearinghouse. The matter is still being debated. [21]

Protection services

The Trademark Clearinghouse is not a rights protection mechanism itself. Instead, additional mechanisms coupled with the Trademark Clearinghouse help trademark owners protect their rights. There are two special time periods where trademark holders are given special treatment, ongoing notification services, and the URS. There are also differentiated services offered by specific registries. These build on the Trademark Clearinghouse to afford special treatment to trademark holders with verified trademarks in the Trademark Clearinghouse. [2] [22]

Sunrise period

The sunrise period is a time period immediately prior to the launching of a TLD. Trademark Clearinghouse registrants receive priority access to reserve domain names associated with their trademarks before general access. [2] New gTLD registries are required to offer a sunrise period of at least 30 days. [2] [22]

Claims period

During the claims period registrants attempting to register a second-level domain name under a TLD which utilizes the Trademark Clearinghouse will receive a warning if the name matches an entry in the Trademark Clearinghouse. [23] If the registrant registers the name anyway, the rights owner will receive a notification from the Trademark Claims system. [2] [23] The claims period is required to last at least 90 days after the initial launch of the new gTLD. [2] [22]

Ongoing notifications

Rights holders with trademarks registered in the Trademark Clearinghouse can opt in to receive additional notifications after the claims period expires. Holders will be notified of exact matches to names they have registered in the Trademark Clearinghouse. This service is optional and free. [24]

Domain Protected Marks List

Domain Protected Marks List (DPML) is a service offered by specific new gTLD registry operators based on the Trademark Clearinghouse. It is not a standard service offered to rights holders registered in the Trademark Clearinghouse, nor is it standardized by ICANN. Different registries will implement DPML differently as a means of marketplace differentiation. Typically registries will offer to defensively block registrations that are more than just exact matches. [25]

Uniform Rapid Suspension

As part of the new gTLD program ICANN developed an accompanying rights protection mechanism for trademark holders called the Uniform Rapid Suspension (URS). Work on the URS started in September 2012 with an RFI issued by ICANN. [26] It was finalized in January 2014. [27]

The URS is not meant to replace the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy, but instead complement it. In contrast to the UDRP, the URS is meant as a lightweight, inexpensive, expedited arbitration process for resolving obvious trademark rights violations. [26] Unlike the UDRP, successful URS claims only cause a domain name to be suspended and redirected, not seized. [28] Also, the URS is not intended for use where facts are in question. [28] URS decisions can take as little as one week to resolve. [26]

Registries and registrars participating in the new gTLD program are required to implement the URS. In the context of the URS, they are called providers. [26]

How it works

Every URS claim starts with a complaint filed by a trademark holder against a registrant of a domain name they believe to be infringing their trademark. [28] The complainant must also pay a one time non-refundable fee of $375. [28] [29] Within two days of the complaint being filed an administrative review will be held by the URS provider.

If this review determines the complaint is in proper order the domain name will be locked, preventing changes to the DNS, and the allegedly offending registrant will be notified of the complaint. The registrant then has 14 calendar days to respond to the complaint before the complaint proceeds to default. [28]

After the complaint has been filed and either a response has been received or the complaint has entered default, a single examiner selected by the provider determines the outcome. The examiner should then examine the evidence and issue a verdict using a standard of clear and convincing evidence. [28]

The examiner should find in favor of the complainant if; the registered domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a word mark, the complainant holds a valid and current national or regional registration of the mark in question, this mark is registered and validated in the Trademark Clearinghouse, the registrant has no legitimate right or interest to the domain name, and the domain name was registered and is being used in bad faith. All standards must be met for the examiner to find in favor of the complainant. [28]

If the examiner determines that the domain name is non-infringing use, or a fair use, the complaint should be dismissed. [28] However, the URS guidelines do not define "fair use", nor do they indicate which specific jurisdiction's definition of "fair use" should be used. [28]

Examples

In October 2014 the domain names radisson.club and radissonblu.club were suspended using the URS. Saravanan Dhandapani, acting as the first examiner for the National Arbitration Forum (NAF) and the Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre (ADNDRC), determined these two domain names infringed on the trademark of Radisson hotels. [27]

Pricing

As of October 2014 registering a single trademark can cost between $95 and $150 for one year. Three year and five year registrations are also available at reduced cost, as are bulk discounts. In general registering a single mark for one year will always be the most expensive option, while registering multiple marks for longer periods will incur greater discount. [30]

Registries pay a one time fee to register between $7,000–10,000. [31]

Basic fee structure

The basic fee structure is intended for registering small numbers of marks. It is only available to actual trademark holders, and not trademark agents. No bulk discounts are available, but discounts are given for registering marks for longer periods. [32]

Advanced fee structure

The advanced fee structure is intended for registering large numbers of marks. It is available for trademark holders and agents, and requires the establishment of a prepayment account. Discounts are available when buying in bulk and when purchasing for longer periods.

The advanced fee structure uses a Loyalty program to encourage more trademark registrations. Registrants using it gain points for each registration. As more points are earned successive levels are reached, which decrease the cost of the next batch of registrations. In short, the more registrations a registrant makes, and the longer their duration, the cheaper they get. [33]

Implementation

ICANN has subcontracted out most of the functionality of the Trademark Clearinghouse to IBM and Deloitte. IBM handles the technical implementation, administration and support of the trademark database. Deloitte is responsible for authentication and validation of trademarks. [34]

Use

On March 25, 2013, the Trademark Clearinghouse claimed it had "delivered over 500,000 Trademark Claims notices and prevented over 475,000 trademarked names from being registered." [35]

Uptake on new gTLDs has been brisk, with 426 new gTLDs introduced to the Internet as of October 17, 2014. [36]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICANN</span> American nonprofit organization that coordinates several Internet address databases

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is an American multistakeholder group and nonprofit organization responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces and numerical spaces of the Internet, ensuring the network's stable and secure operation. ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the Central Internet Address pools and DNS root zone registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) function contract. The contract regarding the IANA stewardship functions between ICANN and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce ended on October 1, 2016, formally transitioning the functions to the global multistakeholder community.

In the Internet, a domain name is a string that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such as websites, email services and more. As of 2017, 330.6 million domain names had been registered. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name identifies a network domain or an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, or a server computer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.eu</span> Internet country-code top level domain for the European Union

.eu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the European Union (EU). Launched on 7 December 2005, the domain is available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. This was extended to the European Economic Area in 2014, after the regulation was incorporated into the EEA Agreement, and hence is also available for any person, company or organization based in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The TLD is administered by EURid, a consortium originally consisting of the national ccTLD registry operators of Belgium, Sweden, and Italy, joined later by the national registry operator of the Czech Republic. Trademark owners were able to submit registrations through a sunrise period, in an effort to prevent cybersquatting. Full registration started on 7 April 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.info</span> Generic top-level domain

.info is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. The name is derived from information, although registration requirements do not prescribe any particular purpose.

A domain name registrar is a company that manages the reservation of Internet domain names. A domain name registrar must be accredited by a generic top-level domain (gTLD) registry or a country code top-level domain (ccTLD) registry. A registrar operates in accordance with the guidelines of the designated domain name registries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.xxx</span> Sponsored top-level Internet domain

.xxx is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) intended as a voluntary option for pornographic sites on the Internet. The sponsoring organization is the International Foundation for Online Responsibility (IFFOR). The registry is operated by ICM Registry LLC. The ICANN Board voted to approve the sTLD on 18 March 2011. It went into operation on 15 April 2011.

Domain name speculation, popular as domaining in professional jargon, is the practice of identifying and registering or acquiring generic Internet domain names as an investment with the intent of selling them later for a profit.

Generic top-level domains (gTLDs) are one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use in the Domain Name System of the Internet. A top-level domain is the last level of every fully qualified domain name. They are called generic for historical reasons; initially, they were contrasted with country-specific TLDs in RFC 920.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.post</span> Sponsored top-level domain

.post is a sponsored top-level domain (STLD) available exclusively for the postal sector. It is the first STLD to be 100% secured by DNSSEC. .post aims to integrate the physical, financial and electronic dimensions of postal services to enable and facilitate e-post, e-finance, e-commerce and e-government services. The domain was approved by ICANN on April 8, 2005 as a sponsored TLD in the second group of new TLD applications evaluated in 2004.

The Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) is a process established by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) for the resolution of disputes regarding the registration of internet domain names. The UDRP currently applies to all generic top level domains, some country code top-level domains, and to all new generic top-level domains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.web</span>

.web is a proposed top-level domain (TLD) that was created and assigned by an auction process to several bidding companies. It was awarded to Nu Dot Co LLC, which is primarily funded by Verisign.

WHOIS is a query and response protocol that is used for querying databases that store an Internet resource's registered users or assignees. These resources include domain names, IP address blocks and autonomous systems, but it is also used for a wider range of other information. The protocol stores and delivers database content in a human-readable format. The current iteration of the WHOIS protocol was drafted by the Internet Society, and is documented in RFC 3912.

The sunrise period of domain name registration is a special period during which trademark holders may preregister names that are the same or similar to their trademarks in order to avoid cybersquatting. This occurs prior to the general launch of the top-level domain (TLD). To register, the group or individual must be able to prove their prior right to the name. The sunrise period serves as a test period, and is followed by the landrush period and/or General Availability.

.music is a community-based top-level domain name (TLD) operated for the benefit of the global music community. It was one of the most highly contested new gTLDs, with eight applicants in contention.

DotConnectAfrica Trust (DCA) is an independent non-profit, non-partisan organisation that was founded in 2006. The organization was incorporated in Mauritius with the intention to sponsor, establish and operate the proposed new Top Level Domain (TLD) ".africa". Its main charitable objects are: (a) for the advancement of education in information technology to the African society; and (b) in connection with (a) to provide the African society with a continental Internet domain name to have access to Internet services for the people of Africa as a purpose beneficial to the public in general.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.biz</span>

.biz is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for registration of domains to be used by businesses. The name is a phonetic spelling of the first syllable of business.

A landrush period is the time during which domain names are available for registration, usually to a closed group, to entities that do not own a trademark in the name they wish to register, for example generic terms like loan or car, and thus would not qualify for registration during the sunrise period. Orders may or may not be treated on a first-come-first-served basis. This period follows the sunrise period just after the launch of a new top-level domain or second-level domain during which, for example, owners of trademarks may register a domain name containing the owned mark, but a landrush period precedes a period of general availability, when any qualifying entity can register any name on a first come first-served basis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fadi Chehadé</span> American information technology executive

Fadi Chehadé is an information technology executive, founder of RosettaNet and former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of ICANN. Through Ethos Capital, he unsuccessfully tried to gain control over the .org internet domain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.wiki</span> Generic top-level Internet domain

.wiki is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public on May 26, 2014. Top Level Design is the domain name registry for the string.

.global is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) and was delegated to the DNS root zone on June 6, 2014. The application for the new top-level domain was approved on April 17, 2014, and .global was made available to the general public on September 9, 2014.

References

  1. 1 2 "Statement of Policy on the Management of Internet Names and Addresses". National Telecommunications and Information Administration. 5 June 1998. Docket number 980212036-8146-02. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Trademark Clearinghouse FAQs". ICANN. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  3. ↑ Maynard, Kimberly (14 February 2013). "Protecting Your ".trademark": ICANN Clarifies Procedure for Objecting to New gTLDs". JDSupra. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  4. ↑ Kur, Annette (2 April 1998). "The Domain Name Versus Trade Mark Dilemma". Archived from the original on 25 April 2006. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  5. ↑ "New gTLD Program: Applicant Guidebook (draft)" (PDF). ICANN. 24 October 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  6. ↑ "Public Comment: Trademark Protection (IRT Final Report)". ICANN. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  7. ↑ "Trademark Clearinghouse (TMC) Proposal" (PDF). ICANN. 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  8. 1 2 Gross, Robin (18 November 2012). "Dissecting the strawman: ICANN's 11th Hour Trademark policy negotiations". Internet Governance Project. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  9. ↑ Murphy, Kevin (19 November 2012). "Straw man proposed to settle trademark deadlock at secretive ICANN meeting". DomainIncite. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  10. ↑ Gross, Grant (26 March 2013). "ICANN's trademark clearinghouse to launch Tuesday". PCWorld. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  11. ↑ "Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight". Association of National Advertisers. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  12. ↑ "Generic Top Level Domain Program". Letter to ICANN. Association of National Advertisers. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ↑ "RE: Generic Top Level Domain Program". Letter to Association of National Advertisers. ICANN. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  14. ↑ "RE: Generic Top Level Domain Program". Letter to ICANN. Association of National Advertisers. 11 August 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ↑ Mueller, Milton (14 September 2013). "Meltdown III: How top-down 'implementation' replaced bottom-up policymaking". Internet Governance Project. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  16. ↑ Murphy, Kevin (8 November 2012). "Trademark Clearinghouse "breakthrough" at private Brussels meeting". DomainIncite. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  17. ↑ Murphy, Kevin (12 December 2012). "Ombudsman probing secretive Trademark Clearinghouse meetings". DomainIncite. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  18. ↑ "ICANN Unaccountability". Non-Commercial Stakeholder Group. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  19. ↑ Corwin, Philip (31 October 2012). "CEO Chehade Explains the Brussels Meeting Agenda". Internet Commerce Association. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  20. ↑ Chehadé, Fadi (7 November 2012). "Building a Secure and Reliable Trademark Clearinghouse". ICANN. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  21. 1 2 "2014-06-25 RCRC". GAC Register of Advice, New GTLDS. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  22. 1 2 3 "Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH)". ICANN. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  23. 1 2 Trademark Clearinghouse Services. The Trademark Clearinghouse. Retrieved 24 December 2014– via YouTube.
  24. ↑ "Ongoing Notifications". The Trademark Clearinghouse. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  25. ↑ "Blocking Mechanisms for TMCH-clients (DPML)". The Trademark Clearinghouse. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 4 "Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS)". ICANN. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  27. 1 2 Raj, Manish (14 October 2014). "Radisson wins battle for domain name". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS) Procedure" (PDF). ICANN. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  29. ↑ Cooper, Elisa (28 February 2014). "ICANN's Uniform Rapid Suspension: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". CircleID. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  30. ↑ Murphy, Kevin (23 January 2014). "Trademark Clearinghouse prices revealed". DomainIncite. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  31. ↑ "ICANN's Trademark Clearinghouse: An Update". The National Law Review. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  32. ↑ "Credit card payments". The Trademark Clearinghouse. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "Prepayment Account". The Trademark Clearinghouse. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  34. ↑ "Protecting Trademark Rights in New gTLDs: Selection of Trademark Clearinghouse Service Providers". ICANN. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  35. ↑ Murphy, Kevin (25 March 2014). "Over half a million Trademark Claims notices served". DomainIncite. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  36. ↑ "Program Statistics". ICANN. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
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