Transfiguration (religion)

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In a religious context, transfiguration (from the Latin transfiguratio) refers to an experience of temporary divine radiance or light. [1] It is often viewed as a form of apotheosis, in which a human being assumes or reveals a divine or elevated nature. [2]

Contents

In the Christian scriptures and tradition

Jesus

The Transfiguration of Jesus is a key event in Christian tradition, described in the Gospels of Matthew, [3] Mark, [4] and Luke. [5] It recounts the moment when Jesus, accompanied by three of his disciples — Peter, James, and John — ascends a mountain. There, Jesus is transfigured before them, with his face and clothing shining like the sun, and he is joined by the prophets Moses and Elijah. This event is considered a revelation of Jesus' divine nature and is interpreted as a foretaste of his glorification in the resurrection. The Transfiguration is also seen as a confirmation of his identity as the Son of God and a moment of divine affirmation in the presence of the disciples.

Jacob

In the Ladder of Jacob (associated with the biblical book of Genesis), Jacob, after receiving the new name "Israel," is introduced to his heavenly counterpart, the angel Israel.[ citation needed ] This moment can be interpreted as a form of transfiguration, in which Jacob reveals both his earthly and heavenly identities.

Enoch

In the Book of Enoch, it is described that when Enoch returns to Earth, he tells his children that, while they know him as the earthly Enoch, there is also an angelic version of him, Metatron, who stands in the presence of the Lord. [6] This duality of Enoch's nature is considered a form of transfiguration, where the earthly and heavenly aspects of his being are revealed.

Elijah

In the departure of Elijah to heaven by chariot of fire, and horses of fire and lifted up by a whirlwind to heaven.

Mary

Lumen gentium states that "the Immaculate Virgin [...] was exalted by the Lord as Queen of the universe, that she might be the more fully confirmed to her Son, the Lord of lords and the conqueror of sin and death". [7]

In Buddhism

The Buddha is said to have been twice transfigured, at the moment of his enlightenment and at the moment of his death. [8]

In Hinduism

In Hinduism, the concept of transfiguration appears in various forms, especially in stories about the gods and their manifestations (avatars). Some of the most prominent examples include:

Vishnu's Avatars (Dashavatara)

Vishnu is closely associated with transformation through his ten principal incarnations, which range from a fish (Matsya) to a dwarf (Vamana) and a warrior (Kalki). These incarnations represent divine intervention in the world, with each transformation serving the purpose of restoring cosmic order. The avatar of Narasimha, a half-man, half-lion figure, is a striking example of divine transfiguration.

Shiva's Transformations

Shiva, the god of destruction and transformation, is often depicted in various forms that represent the cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction. His so-called "Bhairava" forms are often icons of intense transformation and transcendence.

In Islam

In Islam, the idea of transfiguration is primarily associated with the spiritual development of the believer and the glorification of the soul. While there are no direct concepts of physical transfiguration as in Christianity, there is a strong emphasis on inner transformation and enlightenment through the following of Allah (God). Some relevant examples include:

The Night Journey (Isra' and Mi'raj)

In Islamic tradition, the Prophet Muhammad's journey to the heavens (Mi'raj) is seen as a kind of spiritual transfiguration. During this journey, which begins at the holy mosque in Mecca, Muhammad undergoes a change of state and attains a divine status as he converses with angels and even meets Allah. This is sometimes interpreted as a form of spiritual transformation.

Tariqa and Spiritual Transformation

In Sufism (the mystical branch of Islam), transformation is a central aspect of the believer’s spiritual journey. Sufi practices such as the "whirling dervish" dance and meditation aim at achieving a higher state of consciousness, where the believer undergoes a transformation and comes into contact with the divine.

In Judaism

In Judaism, transfiguration is often understood in the context of spiritual elevation and the personal relationship with God. There are several stories and mystical concepts that imply transfiguration or spiritual metamorphosis:

The Glowing of Moses

In the Book of Exodus, it is described how Moses veiled his face after receiving the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai because his face shone with divine light. This can be seen as a form of transfiguration, often interpreted as a symbolic representation of human elevation through direct contact with the divine.

Kabbalah and Transformation

In the Jewish mystical tradition of Kabbalah, transfiguration is often seen as a process of purifying the soul and attaining a state of enlightenment. The concept of gilgul (the reincarnation of souls) suggests a continual spiritual transformation through multiple lives. The soul may undergo various forms and incarnations before ultimately reaching the highest level of spiritual enlightenment.

In Zoroastrianism

In Zoroastrianism, one of the oldest monotheistic religions, transfiguration is seen in the context of the struggle between good (Ahura Mazda) and evil (Angra Mainyu). The idea of transfiguration emerges in concepts of rebirth and the ultimate purification of the soul:

Frasho-Kereti

This is the concept of "world renewal" at the end of time, when all the sins of humanity will be wiped away, and creation will be restored to its original, perfect state. This can be seen as a form of transfiguration in which the world and humanity are transformed into a higher, purified state of existence.

In New Religious Movements and Spiritual Movements

In more modern spiritual movements like Theosophy and the Baháʼí Faith, transfiguration also plays an important role. In these traditions, transfiguration is often understood as the elevation of the human soul and the spiritual growth of humanity:

Theosophy

Theosophical teachings emphasize the possibility of human transformation into a higher state of consciousness and spiritual enlightenment. One can transcend through meditation, self-knowledge, and moral conduct, ultimately coming into contact with divine truth.

Bahá'í Faith

In the Bahá'í tradition, transfiguration is seen as a spiritual evolution of humanity, where through the revelations of the great religious teachers (such as Baháʼu'lláh), humankind moves closer to God and ultimately achieves a world of peace and unity.


Transfiguration in a Non-Religious Context

In a broader, non-religious context, transfiguration can refer to a profound change in appearance, character, or state. This transformation is often metaphorical, symbolizing a shift in perception, identity, or understanding. Unlike religious transfiguration, which often involves a direct connection with the divine or supernatural, secular interpretations of transfiguration focus more on personal growth, artistic expression, or philosophical change.

Psychological and Personal Transformation

In psychology, transfiguration can be used to describe a significant personal transformation, where an individual undergoes a profound shift in consciousness or identity. This might occur through experiences such as self-realization, therapeutic breakthroughs, or periods of intense emotional or intellectual development. In this sense, transfiguration can represent a "rebirth" or a change in worldview, often marked by a newfound clarity or enlightenment about one's life and purpose.

Literary and Artistic Symbolism

In literature and the arts, transfiguration is often used as a metaphor to describe the process by which characters or concepts evolve, particularly in works dealing with themes of personal growth, redemption, or transformation. Writers and artists may use the term to symbolize the metamorphosis of a character's soul, the development of their inner self, or their shift from innocence to experience. This metaphorical use can be found in novels, poetry, and visual arts, where the transformation of a subject is both literal and symbolic.

For example, in the works of Franz Kafka, particularly The Metamorphosis, the protagonist undergoes a physical transfiguration, turning into a giant insect. This transformation, while fantastical, is symbolic of his alienation and internal struggle, reflecting the way people can experience deep existential crises and personal transformations.

Scientific or Biological Perspectives

In biology, the term transfiguration can be used to describe a significant and observable transformation within an organism. A familiar example is metamorphosis, the process by which certain animals, such as butterflies or frogs, undergo dramatic changes in form and function. While "transfiguration" is not the standard scientific term, the concept of a complete transformation can align with how some species change from one state to another, often signifying growth or maturity.

Philosophical and Cultural Change

In philosophy, particularly in discussions of identity and existence, transfiguration can refer to a shift in an individual's understanding of the self or the world. This can occur through the process of self-examination, intellectual inquiry, or exposure to new ideas. Philosophers like Friedrich Nietzsche or Jean-Paul Sartre have written about the transformation of human nature and perception, exploring how individuals may transcend their previous understanding of life, society, or their own identity.

In some cultural contexts, transfiguration is understood as a societal or collective transformation. This could involve significant cultural shifts, revolutions, or movements where societal values or norms undergo radical change. The transfiguration of social or political landscapes may be seen in the rise of new ideologies or the breakdown of old systems, signaling a cultural reawakening or shift in collective consciousness.

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References

  1. Matthew 17:1–8
  2. Hoffmann, R. Joseph (1984). Marcion, on the Restitution of Christianity: An Essay on the Development of Radical Paulinist Theology in the Second Century. Issue 46 of American Academy of Religion series, ISSN 0277-1071. Chico, California: Scholars Press. p. 137. ISBN   9780891306382 . Retrieved 29 April 2022. Marcion apparently saw the transfiguration as the apotheosis of the Unknown God [...].
  3. Matthew 17:1–8
  4. Mark 9:2–13
  5. Luke 9:28–36
  6. Targum Jonathan on Genesis 5
  7. "Lumen gentium". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
  8. E.J. Thomas, The Life of Buddha, p245; EW Hopkins, The Message of Buddhism to Christianity, The Biblical World, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Aug., 1906), pp. 94-107