Tripura State Rifles (TSR) is a paramilitary force in the Indian state of Tripura. [1] Tripura State Rifles Act was passed by Tripura Legislative Assembly in 1983 and on the basis of that act, it was established on 12 March 1984 to maintain law and order and assist the civil administration in the state. Its primary duty is to handle insurgency operations, maintain internal security and assist the local police in maintaining law and order. Different camps of it are present in the insurgency affected areas. [2] [3] [4]
It has 12 battalions in Tripura and 9 among them are acting as India Reserve Battalions. [2] At present, Its activities are not only found in Tripura, but also they are engaged in other parts of India. [5] [3]
They did a lot of operations in the state to counter various militant groups that have been active in Tripura in the past, such as the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) and the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF). Such groups are active in Tripura even today [6] and for that TSR plays a pivotal role for ensuring peace.
The TSR operates under the administrative control of the Home Department of the Tripura state government. The force is trained in both conventional warfare techniques and specialized counter-insurgency operations. They work closely with the state police and other security agencies to combat insurgency and maintain peace in the region. It also works during natural disasters, elections, etc. [2]
The Border Security Force (BSF) is India's border guarding organisation at its borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is one of the seven Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) of India, and was raised in the wake of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 "for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for related matters".
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is a reserve gendarmerie and internal combat force in India under the authority of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India. It is one among the Central Armed Police Forces. The CRPF's primary role lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain law and order and counter-insurgency. It is composed of Central Reserve Police Force (Regular) and Central Reserve Police Force (Auxiliary).
The National Liberation Front of Tripura is a banned Tripuri nationalist terrorist organisation based in Tripura, India. It has an estimated 550 to 850 members.
The Assam Rifles (AR) is an Indian government-controlled paramilitary force responsible for border security, counter-insurgency, and maintaining law and order in Northeast India. It guards the Indo–Myanmar border. The AR is one of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) which are administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Indian Army maintains operational control of the Assam Rifles. Being a police force, its recruitment, perks, promotions, and retirement policies are governed by CAPF rules. Around 80 percent of its officers come from the Army, with the remaining portion coming from the AR cadre. The AR is commanded by the Director General of the Assam Rifles who is appointed by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Law enforcement in India is imperative to keeping justice and order in the nation. Indian law is enforced by a number of agencies. Unlike many federal nations, the constitution of India delegates the maintenance of law and order primarily to the states and territories.
The National Security Guard (NSG), commonly known as Black Cats, is a counter-terrorism unit of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was founded on 16 October 1984, following Operation Blue Star, for combating terrorist activities and protect states against internal disturbances. Formalised in the Parliament of India under the National Security Guard Act, 1986. It is one of the seven Central Armed Police Forces of India.
The Insurgency in Northeast India involves multiple separatist militant groups operating in some of India's northeastern states, which are connected to the rest of India by the Siliguri Corridor, a strip of land as narrow as 14.29 miles (23.00 km) wide.
The Assam Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army. The regiment consists of 25 battalions: 17 regular battalions, 3 Rashtriya Rifles battalions, 5 Territorial Army battalions. It recruits exclusively from all the eight Northeastern states of India.
The Eastern Frontier Rifles (EFR) are a State Armed Police Force for the Indian state of West Bengal. They are a part of the West Bengal Police, as opposed to the Kolkata jurisdiction. The Border Guards Bangladesh are descended from the portion of the Eastern Frontier Rifles given to Pakistan during the partitioning of 1947.
The All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) was a Tripuri nationalist militant group active in India's Tripura State. It was founded on 11 July 1990, by a group of former Tripura National Volunteer members under the leadership of Ranjit Debbarma. The ATTF is considered a terrorist organisation by India. According to the South Asian Terrorism Portal, approximately 90% of the ATTF's administration are Hindu and the rest are Christians. The group was said to have been formed as the armed wing of the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) but split into its own organization. The group was headquartered in Tarabon in Bangladesh.
Sashastra Seema Bal is a border guarding force of India deployed along its borders with Nepal and Bhutan. It is one of the seven Central Armed Police Forces under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
COBRA is a special operation unit of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) of India proficient in guerrilla tactics and jungle warfare. Originally established to counter the Naxalite movement, CoBRA is deployed to address insurgent groups engaging in asymmetrical warfare. Numbering ten battalions as of 2011, CoBRA is considered to be one of the most experienced and successful law enforcement units in the country.
The Odisha Police abbreviated as either OP or OPS, is the law enforcement agency for the state of Odisha in India. It is headquartered in Cuttack, the former capital of Odisha. The Odisha Police is headed by a Director General of Police, currently Sunil Kumar Bansal, IPS and falls under the purview of the state's Home Department of the Government of Odisha. The sanctioned personnel strength of Odisha Police is 72,145; comprising women as one-third of it total sanctioned strength in the directly recruited posts of civil constable, sub-inspector and deputy superintendent of police. This feat makes it one of the foremost in that aspect among the police services of India.
The Assam Police is the law enforcement agency for the state of Assam in India. A regular police force was initiated in Assam by the British after the Treaty of Yandaboo to maintain the law and order. It functions under the Department of Home Affairs, Assam. The headquarters of Assam Police is situated at Ulubari in the state capital Guwahati.
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) is the collective name of central police organisations in India under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). These are technically paramilitary forces formerly known as Central Para-Military Forces (CPMF). Since 2011, India adopted the term "central armed police forces" to drop the word "paramilitary". These forces are responsible for internal security and guarding the borders.
The State Armed Police Forces of India are the police units established for dealing with serious law and order situations requiring a higher level of armed expertise than normal. The State Armed Police Forces exist in addition to the ordinary police services of the various states.
Secession in India typically refers to state secession, which is the withdrawal of one or more states from the Republic of India. Whereas, some have wanted a separate state, union territory or an autonomous administrative division within India. Many separatist movements exist with thousands of members, however, some have low local support and high voter participation in democratic elections. However, at the same time, demanding separate statehood within under the administration of Indian union from an existing state can lead to criminal charges under secession law in India. India is described as a ‘Union of States’ in Article 1 of the Indian constitution I.e indestructible nation of destructible states where a state or Union territory of India can't secede from India by any means.
The insurgency in Tripura was an armed conflict which took place in the state of Tripura between India and several separatist rebel organisations. It was a part of the wider insurgency in Northeast India and was fueled by Tripuris.
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In India, the police forces of the states and union territories are responsible for law enforcement in the states and union territories. Police and Public Order are State subjects under the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India.