The Central Tibetan Administration is the Tibetan government in exile,based in Dharamshala,India. It is composed of a judiciary branch,a legislative branch,and an executive branch,and offers support and services to the Tibetan exile community.
The Tibetan independence movement is the political movement advocating for the reversal of the 1950 annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China,and the separation and independence of Greater Tibet from China.
The national flag of Tibet (བོད་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་དར།),also unofficially known as the Snow Lion Flag,depicts a white snow-covered mountain,a yellow sun with red and blue rays emanating from it,two Tibetan snow lions,a multi-coloured jewel representing Buddhist values,a taijitu and a yellow border around three of its four sides. The flag was used as the national flag of the independent country of Tibet from 1916 until 1951,when Tibet was annexed by the People's Republic of China. It was adopted by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1916 and used in Tibet until the Tibetan uprising of 1959,after which the flag was outlawed in the People's Republic of China. While the Tibetan flag is illegal in Tibet today as it is governed by the PRC as the Tibet Autonomous Region,it continues to be used by the Central Tibetan Administration,the Tibetan government-in-exile based in Dharamshala in India,and by pro-Tibet groups all over the world to show support for human rights in Tibet and Tibetan independence.
Tibet Houses are an international,loosely affiliated group of nonprofit cultural preservation organizations established at the request of the Dalai Lama. They work to preserve,present,and protect Tibet's ancient traditions in philosophy,mind science,art,and culture,particularly in light of the invasion and annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1950 and the subsequent Tibetan diaspora.
The Seventeen-Point Agreement,officially the Agreement of the Central People's Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet,was an agreement between Tibet and the People's Republic of China. It was signed by plenipotentiaries of the Central People's Government and the Tibetan Government on 23 May 1951,in Zhongnanhai,Beijing. The 14th Dalai Lama ratified the agreement in the form of a telegraph on 24 October 1951. The Agreement was legally repudiated by Tibet less than eight years later on 11 March 1959.
The history of Tibet from 1950 to the present includes the Chinese annexation of Tibet,during which Tibetan representatives signed the controversial Seventeen Point Agreement following the Battle of Chamdo and establishing an autonomous administration led by the 14th Dalai Lama under Chinese sovereignty. Subsequent socialist reforms and other unpopular policies of the Chinese Communist Party led to armed uprisings,eventually assisted by the CIA,and their violent suppression. During the 1959 Tibetan uprising,the 14th Dalai Lama escaped to northern India for fear of being captured by Chinese forces. He formed the Central Tibetan Administration and rescinded the Seventeen Point Agreement. In 1965,the majority of Tibet's land mass,including all of U-Tsang and parts of Kham and Amdo,was established as the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetans suffered along with the rest of China during the Great Chinese Famine and the Cultural Revolution under episodes of starvation,religious repression,destruction of cultural sites,forced labour,and political persecution. US-China rapprochement in the 1970s saw an end to Washington's support for Tibetan guerillas. Amid broader reforms across the country,China adopted policies to improve conditions in Tibet. Since the 2000s,it has invested heavily in the region but generated controversies due to the sinicization of Tibet. Human rights abuses remain a concern especially where it comes to freedom of religion and political prisoners.
Chhime Rigzing,also Chhime Rigzin Chhoekyapa,is a Tibetan government official and senior spokesman for Tenzin Gyatso,the 14th Dalai Lama. He functions as a private secretary and is part of the Central Tibetan Administration in exile in Dharamsala in India.
Tempa risang.
Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa was a Tibetan nobleman,scholar,statesman and former Finance Minister of the government of Tibet.
The Tibetan Parliament in Exile (TPiE),officially the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration,is the unicameral and highest legislative organ of the Central Tibetan Administration,the government-in-exile of the Independent Country Of Tibet. It was established and is based in Dharamshala,India. The creation of this democratically elected body has been one of the major changes that the 14th Dalai Lama brought about in his efforts to introduce a democratic system of administration.
The 14th Dalai Lama is the incumbent Dalai Lama,the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. Before 1959,he served as both the resident spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet,and subsequently established and led the Tibetan government in exile represented by the Central Tibetan Administration in Dharamsala,India. The adherents of Tibetan Buddhism consider the Dalai Lama a living Bodhisattva,specifically an emanation of Avalokiteśvara or Chenrezig,the Bodhisattva of Compassion,a belief central to the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and the institution of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama,whose name means Ocean of Wisdom,is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche,The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master,Kundun,The Presence,and Yizhin Norbu,The Wish-Fulfilling Gem. His devotees,as well as much of the Western world,often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama,the style employed on his website. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school,the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism,formally headed by the Ganden Tripa.
The Tibetan diaspora is the relocation of Tibetan people from Tibet,their country of origin,to other nation states to live as exiles and refugees in communities. The diaspora of Tibetan people began in the early 1950s,peaked after the 1959 Tibetan uprising,and continues.
Protests and uprisings against the government of the People's Republic of China have occurred in Tibet since 1950,and include the 1959 uprising,the 2008 uprising,and the subsequent self-immolation protests.
The Tibet Bureau in Geneva is the official representation of the 14th Dalai Lama and the Tibetan Government in Exile for Central and Eastern Europe. It was established with approval of the Swiss Federal Government in 1964.
The Tibet Bureau in Paris,one of the offices of the official representation of the 14th Dalai Lama and of the Tibetan government in exile,is in charge of France,the Iberian Peninsula,the Maghreb and the Benelux countries. Founded in September 1992 it acts as an Embassy.
Namgyal Lhamo Taklha is a member of the Tibetan community living in exile. Between 1988 and 1994 she was elected to the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration and held the post of Health Secretary in the Central Tibetan Administration Cabinet based in India.
Lobsang Nyandak,sometimes written Lobsang Nyendak also called Lobsang Nyandak Zayul is a Tibetan diplomat and politician. born in 1965 in Kalimpong,India where he performed his studies in Herbertpur and at Panjab University in Chandigarh. There,he held functions at Tibetan Youth Congress before becoming the founding Executive Director of the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy. Member of the National Democratic Party of Tibet,he was elected deputy and was selected as a minister by Samdhong Rinpoche,the first elected Kalon Tripa of Central Tibetan Administration (CTA). He then was the Representative of the 14th Dalai Lama to the Americas and became president of The Tibet Fund.
Tibet–India relations are said to have begun during the spread of Buddhism to Tibet from India during the 6th century AD. In 1959,the Dalai Lama fled to India after the failed 1959 Tibetan uprising. Since then,Tibetans-in-exile have been given asylum in India,with the Indian government accommodating them into 45 residential settlements across 10 states in the country,creating the Tibetan diaspora. From around 150,000 Tibetan refugees in 2011,the number fell to 85,000 in 2018,according to government data. Many Tibetans are now leaving India to go back to Tibet and other countries such as United States or Germany. The Government of India,soon after India's independence in 1947,treated Tibet as a de facto independent country. However,more recently India's policy on Tibet has been mindful of Chinese sensibilities,and has recognized Tibet as a part of China.
Penpa Tsering is a Tibetan politician based in India. He is the second democratically elected Sikyong of the Central Tibetan Administration in India. He succeeded the last Sikyong Lobsang Sangay on 27 May 2021. Penpa Tsering was the speaker of the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration for two terms between 2008 and 2016.
