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The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu, also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.
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The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Turkoman tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1503, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty. The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan.
Afshar is a tribe of Oghuz Turkic origin, that split into several groups in Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan.
The Seljuk Empire, or the GreatSeljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. The empire spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south, and it spanned the time period 1037–1308, though Seljuk rule beyond the Anatolian peninsula ended in 1194.
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Sarim al-Din Ibrahim I was Beg of Ramadan by June 1354 to 1383. Following his father Ramadan's death, Ibrahim arrived in Damascus and honored the Mamluk Sultan, securing the regional authority the Mamluks had granted Ramadan. Soon after, Ibrahim allied himself with Ghars al-Din Khalil, the ruler of the Dulkadirids, in an attempt to seize Sis. The Mamluk governor of Aleppo was assigned to deal with Ibrahim but was defeated by other local lords. The Mamluks recognized Ibrahim's authority in 1381 and granted him the title na'ib (viceroy) of Adana two years later. Ibrahim made a new attempt to realize his ambition to capture Sis. This restored the state of war between the Ramadanids and the Mamluk Sultanate. After fleeing from the Mamluks for some time, Ibrahim was caught by the Mamluk na'ib of Sis. Ibrahim was executed in the town of Sis. He was succeeded by his brother Ahmed.
Karamannāme, also known as Kitāb-i Karamaniyya and Kitāb-i Tevārīh-i Karamaniyya, was the work of history by the anonymous author known as Shikārī issued by the principality of Karaman. Karamannāme bears importance as one of the few works of history dedicated to the Karamanids and independent from the Ottoman tradition. Different from much of the works created in 16th-century Anatolia and vicinity, Karamannāme contains hostile commentary to the Ottoman state and was likely commissioned as a measure against the growing Ottoman influence in Anatolia. The work includes many instances of anachronism and chronological contradictions. It lacks any dates or years as part of its narrative, and it is also unknown when it was written. However, references to Shah Ismail's battles with the Khanate of Bukhara indicate that the work took its final form by the mid-16th century. Karamannāme mainly used poet Yarjānī's earlier Persian Shāhnāma as its source, which was written at ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Beg's command.
Agacheri was a Turkmen tribe that inhabited parts of Anatolia until the 14th century. They were allied with the Qara Qoyunlu during the 14–15th centuries but shifted their allegiance to the Aq Qoyunlu upon the downfall of the former. A portion of the tribe remained in Anatolia, while another migrated to Iran, where they additionally incorporated Lurs. The tribe is known by its historical name in Iran, while it is thought to be connected to the Tahtacı in Turkey.
Bayburdlu, or Bayburtlu (بایبورتلو), was a Turkoman tribe. Its name implies that the tribe's origins lay in and around the town of Bayburt in northeastern Anatolia. The anonymous Karamanid historian Shikari narrates that when the pastures between Konya and Ankara entered Karamanid rule, one half of the region was granted to Bayburd Beg, while the other half was granted to Turghud Beg, the eponymous leader of the Turghudlu tribe. According to the narrative in the Didighi Sultan Menakibname, Turghud Beg and Bayburd Beg were brothers and were dispatched to Anatolia (Rum) from Khorasan by Didighi Sultan, an influential descendant of the Sufi poet Ahmad Yasawi. The tribe dwelled in the northwestern parts of Iran and was loyal to the Safavids. Several tribe members were prominent figures during the Safavid rule of Iran. Qaraja Elyas Bayburdlu was one of Ismail I's commanders at the Battle of Sharur in 1501. During the reign of Abbas the Great, Shahverdi Beg Bayburdlu was a close friend of him, while Morad Khan Sultan Bayburdlu served as the governor of Arasbaran.
References
- ↑ Sümer 2012, p. 420.
- ↑ Floor 2001, p. 129.