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Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation.
Direction finding (DF), or radio direction finding (RDF), is – in accordance with International Telecommunication Union (ITU) – defined as radio location that uses the reception of radio waves to determine the direction in which a radio station or an object is located. This can refer to radio or other forms of wireless communication, including radar signals detection and monitoring (ELINT/ESM). By combining the direction information from two or more suitably spaced receivers, the source of a transmission may be located via triangulation. Radio direction finding is used in the navigation of ships and aircraft, to locate emergency transmitters for search and rescue, for tracking wildlife, and to locate illegal or interfering transmitters. RDF was important in combating German threats during both the World War II Battle of Britain and the long running Battle of the Atlantic. In the former, the Air Ministry also used RDF to locate its own fighter groups and vector them to detected German raids.
The history of radar started with experiments by Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century that showed that radio waves were reflected by metallic objects. This possibility was suggested in James Clerk Maxwell's seminal work on electromagnetism. However, it was not until the early 20th century that systems able to use these principles were becoming widely available, and it was German inventor Christian Hülsmeyer who first used them to build a simple ship detection device intended to help avoid collisions in fog. True radar, such as the British Chain Home early warning system provided directional information to objects over short ranges, were developed over the next two decades.
High-frequency direction finding, usually known by its abbreviation HF/DF or nickname huff-duff, is a type of radio direction finder (RDF) introduced in World War II. High frequency (HF) refers to a radio band that can effectively communicate over long distances; for example, between U-boats and their land-based headquarters. HF/DF was primarily used to catch enemy radios while they transmitted, although it was also used to locate friendly aircraft as a navigation aid. The basic technique remains in use to this day as one of the fundamental disciplines of signals intelligence, although typically incorporated into a larger suite of radio systems and radars instead of being a stand-alone system.
The Type 052 destroyer is one of the first modern multi-role guided missile destroyers built by China. There are currently two units in active service with the People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force. It was succeeded by the Type 051B.
The Type 052C destroyer is a class of guided missile destroyers in the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force (PLAN). The Type 052C introduced both fixed active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar and vertically launched surface-to-air missiles into PLAN service, making it the first Chinese warship with area air defence capability.
The Kamov Ka-31 is a military helicopter originally developed for the Soviet Navy and currently in service in Russia, China, and India in the naval airborne early warning and control role.
The Zulfiquar-class frigate, also known as F-22P or in English: Sword class, is a class of multi-mission guided missile frigates, currently in service with the Pakistan Navy. The class is based on an updated model of the Chinese design, the Type 053H3. The frigates were designed and built jointly in Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding in China and the KS&EW Ltd. in Pakistan.
The Hongqi-61 is the first generation Chinese SARH guided surface-to-air missile (SAM). It is classified by Chinese as a low-to-medium air defense missile, and the series includes both land-based and shipborne versions, and an anti-radiation version and air-to-air version have also been developed. The naval and anti-radiation versions have been retired from Chinese service but PL-11, the air-to-air version and HQ-61A, the land-based mobile version are still currently in limited service with the Chinese military.
Radar in World War II greatly influenced many important aspects of the conflict. This revolutionary new technology of radio-based detection and tracking was used by both the Allies and Axis powers in World War II, which had evolved independently in a number of nations during the mid 1930s. At the outbreak of war in September 1939, both Great Britain and Germany had functioning radar systems. In Great Britain, it was called RDF, Range and Direction Finding, while in Germany the name Funkmeß (radio-measuring) was used, with apparatuses called Funkmessgerät . By the time of the Battle of Britain in mid-1940, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had fully integrated RDF as part of the national air defence.
The AN/SPY-1 is a United States Navy 3D radar system manufactured by Lockheed Martin. The array is a passive electronically scanned system and is a key component of the Aegis Combat System. The system is computer controlled, using four complementary antennas to provide 360 degree coverage. The system was first installed in 1973 on USS Norton Sound and entered active service in 1983 as the SPY-1A on USS Ticonderoga. The -1A was installed on ships up to CG-58, with the -1B upgrade first installed on USS Princeton in 1986. The upgraded -1B(V) was retrofitted to existing ships from CG-59 up to the last, USS Port Royal.
The Type 830 sea-going rescue tug is a type of naval auxiliary ship currently in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). Type 830 has received NATO reporting name as Tuozhong class. A total of three have entered services with PLAN.
Type 751 radar is a Chinese navigational radar used by Chinese merchant ships and ships of Chinese navy, and it is the first navigational radar developed by Shanghai 4th Radio Factory, which subsequently also developed many other Chinese navigational radars after this humble beginning. Development begun in October 1963, with a design team led by the deputy general engineer Mr. Zhang Yuan-Zhen (张元震) and Engineer Gu Xie-Xiang (顾燮祥). First sample was completed by the end of 1964, and in September 1965, the radar was installed on the Chinese naval ship Luoyang.
Type 753 radar is a Chinese navigational radar used by Chinese merchant ships and ships of Chinese navy. Developed by Shanghai 4th Radio Factory in the early 1970s, Type 753 radar is fully transistorized, with a maximum range of 48 nautical miles. In 1979, efforts were made to improve MTBF of this radar, resulting in drastic increase of MTBF, from the original 107 hours in 1978 to 406 hours in 1980. In 1981, the radar achieved a mile stone of continuously operating 1000 hours without failure.
Type 756 radar is a Chinese navigational radar developed in the 1970s by Shanghai 4th Radio Factory. Type 756 radar is a dual band radar that utilizes S and X bands, and the utilization of S-band on the navigational radar is the first in China. Type 756 radar is used by both Chinese merchant ships and ships of Chinese navy. The solid state radar digitally displays range and bearing on large display and the maximum range is 96 nautical miles.
Type 757 radar is a Chinese navigational radar designed for small boats such as Chinese fishing boats and small auxiliary vessels of the Chinese navy. Developed by the Shanghai 4th Radio Factory in the early 1980s. A total of 657 was produced by the end of 1990s, and the radar earned two awards, the first was in 1984 for municipal quality and ministry award, and the second time in 1985 for national award. The range of this small radar is 24 nautical miles.
Type 349 radar is a fire-control radar for Type 730 CIWS developed by the 20th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation , also known as Xi’an Research Institute of Navigation Technology (西安导航技术研究所), with the Chinese naval designation of H/LJP-349. In addition to CIWS, Some models of Type 349 is also used to control larger caliber guns.
H/ZKJ series and its derivative H/ZKT series naval systems are Chinese combat data /management systems (CDS/CMS) installed onboard Chinese surface combatants of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), and they are usually referred as ZKJ and ZKT for short. The designation is an abbreviation of Pinyin: H for Haijun, Z for Zhihui, and K for Kongzhi, J for Jian and T for Ting.
AN/SPS-29 is a two-dimensional radar was manufactured by General Electric. It was used by the US Navy as a early warning radar after World War II, and was equipped aboard naval ships during the Cold War. Variants include AN/SPS-29A, AN/SPS-29B, AN/SPS-29C and AN/SPS-29D. After modernization, it was redesignated as AN/SPS-37.
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