Related Research Articles
Digital diplomacy, also referred to as Digiplomacy and eDiplomacy, has been defined as the use of the Internet and new information communication technologies to help achieve diplomatic objectives. However, other definitions have also been proposed. The definition focuses on the interplay between internet and diplomacy, ranging from Internet driven-changes in the environment in which diplomacy is conducted to the emergence of new topics on diplomatic agendas such as cybersecurity, privacy and more, along with the use of internet tools to practice diplomacy.
Wael Abbas Bilal is an internationally renowned Egyptian journalist, blogger, and human rights activist, who blogs at Misr Digital. He reported an incident of mob harassment of women, and broadcast several videos of police brutality. His actions led to the conviction of police for torture, but he has been harassed by the Egyptian government.
MAQAM is a US-based production company specializing in Arabic and Middle Eastern media. The company was established by a small group of Arabic music and culture lovers, later becoming a division of 3B Media Inc. "MAQAM" is an Arabic word meaning a position of high esteem. It also refers to a musical mode in Arabic music that is based on the quarter-tone scale.
Since the launch of Twitter on July 15, 2006, there have been many notable uses for the service in a variety of environments, including political, economic, social and cultural uses. As users tweet their messages on Twitter, they encourage other people to respond and engage in online discussions as well as offline activities. User engagement on Twitter is usually measured with likes, replies and retweets and is a form of social power.
The 2011 Egyptian revolution, also known as the 25 January Revolution, began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Hosni Mubarak's presidency. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes. Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured. Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.
Censorship of Twitter, refers to Internet censorship by governments that block access to Twitter (X). Twitter censorship also includes governmental notice and take down requests to Twitter, which it enforces in accordance with its Terms of Service when a government or authority submits a valid removal request to Twitter indicating that specific content is illegal in their jurisdiction.
Elissar Zakaria Khoury, commonly known as Elissa, is a Lebanese singer, actress, television personality and businesswoman. Known for her romantic musical style and emotive vocal performances, she has been dubbed as the "Queen of Emotions" by fans and journalists alike. Her musical career began in 1992 when she was featured in the Lebanese talent show Studio El Fan; later being awarded the silver medal. In 1998, she released her debut studio album Baddy Doub through EMI Music Arabia. While the album was a success, the titular song’s music video initially received criticism for its racy content. Her second album W'akherta Maak (2000) featured the single "Betghib Betrouh", a duet with Ragheb Alama which achieved commercial success and won accolades.
Dubai Debates is an online video debating forum based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. According to its website, Dubai Debates offers "a platform for online opinion leaders, pundits, academics, journalists, politicians, activists and all interested users to exchange ideas through videos." In addition to video debating via its website, regular debates are also held in Dubai, bringing together opinion leaders for panel discussions.
Rassd News Network, also known by its initials of RNN, is an alternative media network based in Cairo, Egypt. RNN was launched as a Facebook-based news source launched on January 25, 2011. It quickly advanced to become a primary contributor of Egyptian revolution-related news that year. Applying the motto "From the people to the people," the citizen journalists who created RNN have since added a Twitter feed and launched an independent website dedicated to short news stories favored by an online audience.
Propaganda in Iran originates from the Iranian government and "private" entities, which are usually state controlled.
Hamza Namira is an Egyptian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He has released three albums from the production of Awakening Records: Dream With Me, Insan, Esmaani; and a couple of albums from Namira production, his own foundation: Hateer Min Tany and Mawlood Sanat 80. Besides singing, for which he is mostly known, he has also worked in musical composition and arrangement. Hamza composed some of his own work, like the album heads Esmaani and Insan, along with some collaborations with other artists, like Maher Zain's song Ya Nabi Salam Alayka. He also contributed to arranging the cartoony remake Egyptian Jingle Bells, which was the first shaabi work in his repertoire, later followed by Esta3izo in his fourth studio album.
Cyber-diplomacy is the evolution of public diplomacy to include and use the new platforms of communication in the 21st century. As explained by Jan Melissen in The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, cyber-diplomacy “links the impact of innovations in communication and information technology to diplomacy.” Cyber-diplomacy is also known as or is part of public diplomacy 2.0, Digital diplomacy, EDiplomacy, and virtual diplomacy. Cyber-diplomacy has as its underpinnings that, “it recognizes that new communication technologies offer new opportunities to interact with a wider public by adopting a network approach and making the most of an increasingly multicentric global, interdependent system.”
The Syrian Electronic Army is a group of computer hackers which first surfaced online in 2011 to support the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. Using spamming, website defacement, malware, phishing, and denial-of-service attacks, it has targeted terrorist organizations, political opposition groups, western news outlets, human rights groups and websites that are seemingly neutral to the Syrian conflict. It has also hacked government websites in the Middle East and Europe, as well as US defense contractors. As of 2011, the SEA has been "the first Arab country to have a public Internet Army hosted on its national networks to openly launch cyber attacks on its enemies".
Mostafa Alnagar / Mostafa Alnajjarمصطفي النجار ; is an Egyptian opposition figure and politician, and a writer, with a special interest in human rights.
AJ+ is a social media publisher owned by Al Jazeera Media Network which focuses on news and current affairs. AJ+ content exists in English, Arabic, French, and Spanish. It is available on its website, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and X, with written content on Medium.
Twitter diplomacy, or Twiplomacy, is a form of digital diplomacy, refers to the practice of conducting public diplomacy using the social media platform X by heads of state and diplomats, as well as leaders of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).
Al Araby is a general television network launched in January 2015. It broadcasts a variety of programs and news shows in Arabic, covering society, politics, entertainment and culture. The network has bureaus in several Arab and Western capitals, through 11 bureaus in the Middle East and worldwide. The channel was planned as a counterweight to Al Jazeera, which was allegedly viewed by some as having a pro-Muslim Brotherhood bias.
Donald Trump's use of social media attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in May 2009. Over nearly twelve years, Trump tweeted around 57,000 times, including about 8,000 times during the 2016 election campaign and over 25,000 times during his presidency. The White House said the tweets should be considered official statements. When Twitter banned Trump from the platform in January 2021 during the final days of his term, his handle @realDonaldTrump had over 88.9 million followers. On November 19, 2022, Twitter's new owner, Elon Musk, reinstated his account, although Trump has stated he will not use it in favor of his own social media platform, Truth Social. The first tweet since 2021 was made in August 2023 about his mugshot from Fulton County Jail, but the account has since remained inactive.
Marwan Motawea, popularly known as Marwan Pablo, is an Egyptian rapper from Alexandria. Influenced by the genre of Hip Hop, Pablo is one of the pioneers that popularizes trap music in Egypt. He is known for Free, Ghaba, El Gemeza, Sindbad, Barbary, and more.
Muna Hawwa is a Palestinian blogger and journalist from Safed. She has worked as a presenter on AJ+ Arabic and has blogged on Mudawwanat Al Jazeera .
References
- 1 2 3 USAbilAraby. "USA bilAraby (@USAbilAraby) op Twitter". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- 1 2 O'Keefe, Ed; Buck, James (2011-02-10). "State Department launches Arabic Twitter feed". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ↑ "USAbilAraby". YouTube. 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ↑ "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Syria lifts ban off of Facebook and YouTube". NOW Lebanon. 2011-02-09. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ↑ "21st Century Statecraft". State.gov. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ↑ Dugan, Lauren (2011-02-10). "US State Department Creates Arabic Twitter Account - AllTwitter". Mediabistro.com. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- 1 2 Archived April 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "الخارجية الامريكية تتواصل مع الشارع العربي عبر تويتر". Albaghdadiya.com. 2011-02-24. Archived from the original on 2014-04-06. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ↑ "بعد ثورة 'الفيسبوك' ' تويتر' يتكلم عربي! | شبكة راية الإعلامية". Raya.fm. 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
