  Pulau Untung Jawa | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | South East Asia |
| Coordinates | 5°58′37″S106°42′25″E / 5.977°S 106.707°E |
| Area | 1.03 km2 (0.40 sq mi) |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 2,264 (2017) |
| Pop. density | 2.198/km2 (5.693/sq mi) |
Untung Jawa, previously known as Amsterdam Island is an Indonesian island off the coast of Jakarta. It is part of the Thousand Islands and the capital of Kelurahan (administrative village) Pulau Untung Jawa.
The Thousand Islands are basically coral reefs. In the nineteenth century Amsterdam Island was said to have been the longest continuously inhabited island of the Thousand Islands. It had fresh water, and the coral was covered by a thick layer of humus, making it malaria free. It had many trees, some of them very old and big. [1] The island is close to deep water, making it a good harbor for big ships.
The Dutch presence in the area started when the Dutch East India Company (VOC) established a naval base at nearby Onrust Island in 1613. In 1619 the Dutch then managed to conquer nearby Jakarta, renamed it Batavia, and made it the capital of the Dutch East Indies. Ships were able to anchor before Jakarta, but could not reach the shore there. At Onrust Island ships could reach up to the shore to get careened. [2] Therefore, Onrust Island was developed into a small town protected by a fortress.
As a natural harbor, Amsterdam Island had the same advantage as Onrust Island. However, it was about 10 km further away from Batavia. On the other hand, it did not have the horrible sanitary reputation that Onrust Island had. Anyway, during the time that the VOC ruled the area, nothing was done on Amsterdam Island.
In 1816 the Kingdom of the Netherlands took control of the Thousand Islands. During the mid-nineteenth century Onrust Island was developed as a state naval base. Meanwhile, the introduction of steam power made that careening became problematic. Steamships had to have their boilers and engines removed for the operation, and for paddle steamers the side wheels also had to be removed. Furthermore, careening was very detrimental to the hull, and this effect increased with size of the ships. Therefore, dry docks were required in the East Indies. In 1856 Onrust got a wooden dry dock owned by the Dutch navy. [2] In November 1869 the iron Onrust Dock of 3,000 tons arrived at Onrust. It started a period wherein Onrust was the main naval repair shipyard in the Dutch East Indies.
The lack of docking facilities in the Dutch East Indies was often part of an ideological debate. The Dutch government did not want to provide repair facilities for commercial ships. The reasoning was that as long as the government provided docking facilities, private enterprise would not invest in dry docks in the Dutch East Indies.
In 1871 plans were made for what would later become the Nederlands Indische Droogdok Maatschappij (NIDM) or Netherlands Indies Drydock Company. [3] The plan was to found two complete repair shipyards, including smithy, carpentry etc. One repair shipyard would service Batavia, the other Surabaya. Each would include a dry dock. The first attempts to raise the required capital failed, and in the end British investors stepped in. [4] By 15 April 1873 the last shares were placed and the NIDM was founded.
On 6 February 1874 the management of the NIDM in the East Indies inspected Amsterdam Island and the island Middelburg (Rambut). They liked the general conditions on Amsterdam Island and found a location on its southern coast. Here the water was on average 8 fathoms (i.e. 48 feet) deep at 35 meters from the shore. [5] Enough for ships to anchor, and for the dry dock to be lowered deeply enough to receive ships.
The biggest asset of the shipyard would be Batavia Dock. This was a massive 354 feet long iron dry dock that was supposed to be able to lift most existing merchant ships. The parts of Batavia Dock would be assembled at Amsterdam Island. In August 1874 3,000 piculs of stones were brought from Europe to Batavia for 'the dry dock company'. [6] In November 1874 there were riots with the local population on Amsterdam Island, caused by the behavior of one of the employees of the contractor. [7] By August 1876 Batavia Dock was expected to be in service before the end of 1876. In February 1877 Batavia Dock was finally launched.
Meanwhile, a pier and other facilities were already complete by November 1876. [8] By then the number of buildings on the island had increased from 24 to 80. [9] On 5 June 1878 SS Prins Hendrik of the SMN, a shipping line which was also a shareholder of the NIDM, became the first ship to use the port. The repair shipyard included a shipyard with all kinds of machinery, a shear legs and a coaling station. The one crucial asset that was still missing was a dry dock, but this was under way.
A few months later Batavia Dock then sank in deep water during a trial in August 1878. As an alternative route to completing the repair shipyard, NIDM then focused on finishing the smaller Volharding Dock, which had originally been meant for Surabaya. In November 1881 the repair shipyard at Amsterdam Island finally became fully operational. 1882 would be the first year of regular exploitation for the shipyard. The annual report over 1882 summarized how disappointing 1882 was. The dock was used for 132 days by only 11 ships. Three of these sailing ships. There was only one major repair job, all others were minor repairs. The cause of the limited employ was sought in the small number of damaged ships in Batavia, as well as the limited size of the dock. NIDM started to think about lengthening the dock, selling it, or using the dock at another place. [10]
However, worse was still to come. The 27 August 1883 eruption of Krakatoa generated a tsunami that hit Amsterdam Island. It tore Volharding dock from its anchors and took it to Bidadari (Purmerend Island), where it became beached. [11] Later it was said to have drifted to Middelburg Island. [12] The dock was recovered, but on 21 January 1884 the NIDM decided to liquidate the company. The reason given was that Volharding dock was too small to service big ships. [13] On 8 November 1884 Volharding dock was sold to the Factorij der Nederlandsche Handelsmaatschappij for 50,000 guilders.
This way the attempts to found a major harbor on Amsterdam Island failed. Traces of these works should be visible on the island. Another legacy is a series of photographs made on occasion of the (failed) launch of Batavia Dock.
Untung Jawa is now an island devoted to tourism. Many visitors arrive by day trips from Jakarta.
SS Prinses Amalia was a Dutch steam ship of the Netherland Line
The Thousand Islands are a chain of islands to the north of Jakarta's coast. It forms the only regency of Special Capital Region of Jakarta, the metropolitan province of Indonesia. It consists of a string of 342 islands stretching 45 km (28 mi) north into the Java Sea at West Jakarta Bay and in fact are located to the north of Banten Province. Pramuka Island is the regency seat. The islands, along with North Jakarta City, are the only administrative divisions of Jakarta Special Capital Region with a coastline.
Jacobus Anthonie Meessen was a Dutch photographer who took more than 250 portraits and landscapes of the Dutch East Indies between 1864 and 1870. Born to a carpenter in Utrecht, Meessen worked in that trade in the Indies before marrying in the Netherlands in the early 1860s. He returned to the colony in 1864, intent on documenting its land and people. He worked mostly in the capital of Batavia, Java, and Padang, Sumatra; he also photographed Bangka, Belitung, Borneo, and Nias.
Tio Tek Ho, 4th Majoor der Chinezen was an ethnic Chinese bureaucrat in the Dutch East Indies who served as the fourth and penultimate Majoor der Chinezen or Chinese headman of Batavia, now Jakarta, capital of Indonesia. This was the most senior position in the Chinese officership, which constituted the Chinese arm of the civil bureaucracy in the Dutch East Indies. As Majoor, Tio was also the ex officio Chairman of the Chinese Council of Batavia, the city's highest Chinese government body.
Khouw Tjeng Po, Luitenant-titulair der Chinezen was a Chinese-Indonesian magnate and landlord in Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies.
Van Vlissingen en Dudok van Heel was a famous nineteenth-century Dutch machine factory. It built steam engines and machinery for the sugar industry and for maritime purposes, as well ships, rolling stock and large metal structures like the Moerdijk bridge and a floating dock. In 1871 it was reorganized to become the public company Koninklijke Fabriek van Stoom- en andere Werktuigen. In a second reorganization in 1890, parts of it were saved and continued under the name Koninklijke Nederlandsche Fabriek van Werktuigen en Spoorwegmaterieel, renamed to Werkspoor in 1927.
Fijenoord was a shipbuilding company and machine factory in Rotterdam the Netherlands from 1823 to 1929. In 1929 it merged with Wilton to become Wilton-Fijenoord.
The Riouw class was a class of four steam screw gunvessels of the Royal Netherlands Navy. They were the first composite built ships of the Dutch navy.
Onrust Dock of 3,000 tons, was a floating dry dock that served in the Dutch East Indies from 1869 till at least 1933. Up till about 1910 she was a crucial part of the Dutch naval infrastructure in the Indies.
Volharding Dock, was a floating dry dock built for the Nederlands Indische Droogdok Maatschappij (NIDM) in the 1870s. It was the smallest of two unique tower dry docks, and the only one that would actually be put in use.
Onrust Island also known as Pulau Onrust or Pulau Kapal is an Indonesian island off the coast of Jakarta. It measures about 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi) and is part of the Thousand Islands.
Batavia Dock, was a floating dry dock built for the Nederlands Indische Droogdok Maatschappij (NIDM) in the 1870s. It was the biggest of two unique tower dry docks, but would never be used.
Onrust Dock of 5,000 tons, was a floating dry dock which served in the Dutch East Indies from 1881 till 1924.
Tanjung Priok Dock of 4,000 Tons, was a floating dry dock built for Droogdok-Maatschappij Tandjong Priok in the 1890s.
Tanjung Priok Dock of 8,000 tons was a floating dry dock built for Droogdok-Maatschappij Tandjong Priok in the 1920s.
Surabaya Wooden Dock of 1,100 tons was the first floating dry dock of the Dutch East Indies.
The Surabaya Dock of 14,000 tons was a floating dry dock which served in the Dutch East Indies and Indonesia from 1916 until at least the late 1950s.
Louis Johan Alexander Schoonheyt (1903-1986), commonly known as L. J. A. Schoonheyt, was a Dutch medical doctor, writer, and supporter of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands before World War II. From 1935 to 1936 he was the camp doctor at the Boven-Digoel concentration camp in New Guinea, Dutch East Indies, and is mostly known today for the book he wrote about his experiences there, Boven-Digoel: Het land van communisten en kannibalen (1936). His praise for the conditions in the camp earned him the ire of the internees, Indonesian nationalists, and Dutch human rights advocates; E. du Perron called him a 'colonial bandit', while many internees burned his book after reading it in the camp.
HNLMS Groningen was the lead ship of the Groningen class. She was one of the first Dutch purpose designed propeller driven warships, but was demolished after only 5 years of service.
Droogdok Maatschappij Soerabaja (DMS) was a Dutch shipbuilding and repair company which had a shipyard in the Dutch East Indies.
