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Migraine is a genetically-influenced complex neurological disorder characterized by episodes of moderate-to-severe headache, most often unilateral and generally associated with nausea and light and sound sensitivity. Other characterizing symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, cognitive dysfunction, allodynia, and dizziness. Exacerbation of headache symptoms during physical activity is another distinguishing feature.
Ménière's disease (MD) is a disease of the inner ear that is characterized by potentially severe and incapacitating episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. Typically, only one ear is affected initially, but over time, both ears may become involved. Episodes generally last from 20 minutes to a few hours. The time between episodes varies. The hearing loss and ringing in the ears can become constant over time.
A balance disorder is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, for example when standing or walking. It may be accompanied by feelings of giddiness, or wooziness, or having a sensation of movement, spinning, or floating. Balance is the result of several body systems working together: the visual system (eyes), vestibular system (ears) and proprioception. Degeneration or loss of function in any of these systems can lead to balance deficits.
Neuropsychiatric quinism is a chronic encephalopathy due to intoxication by mefloquine, quinacrine, chloroquine. It is associated with brain dysfunction and brainstem dysfunction. It may be confused as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the opinion of one medical author it "may have been widely unrecognized in veteran populations, and its symptoms misattributed to other causes." Symptoms include, but are not limited to, limbic encephalopathy and neurotoxic vestibulopathy.
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Diplopia is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizontally or vertically in relation to each other. Also called double vision, it is a loss of visual focus under regular conditions, and is often voluntary. However, when occurring involuntarily, it results from impaired function of the extraocular muscles, where both eyes are still functional, but they cannot turn to target the desired object. Problems with these muscles may be due to mechanical problems, disorders of the neuromuscular junction, disorders of the cranial nerves that innervate the muscles, and occasionally disorders involving the supranuclear oculomotor pathways or ingestion of toxins.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear. Symptoms are repeated, brief periods of vertigo with movement, characterized by a spinning sensation upon changes in the position of the head. This can occur with turning in bed or changing position. Each episode of vertigo typically lasts less than one minute. Nausea is commonly associated. BPPV is one of the most common causes of vertigo.
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The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve. In humans the vestibular nerve transmits sensory information from vestibular hair cells located in the two otolith organs and the three semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion of Scarpa. Information from the otolith organs reflects gravity and linear accelerations of the head. Information from the semicircular canals reflects rotational movement of the head. Both are necessary for the sensation of body position and gaze stability in relation to a moving environment.
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The semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD) is a category of rare neurotological diseases/disorders affecting the inner ears, which gathers the superior SCD, lateral SCD and posterior SCD. These SCDs induce SCD syndromes (SCDSs), which define specific sets of hearing and balance symptoms. This entry mainly deals with the superior SCDS.
Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary eye movement. People can be born with it but more commonly acquire it in infancy or later in life. In many cases it may result in reduced or limited vision.
Central nervous system diseases or central nervous system disorders are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders may be caused by such things as infection, injury, blood clots, age related degeneration, cancer, autoimmune disfunction, and birth defects. The symptoms vary widely, as do the treatments.
Vestibular migraine (VM) is vertigo with migraine, either as a symptom of migraine or as a related neurological disorder.
Irampanel is a drug which acts as a dual noncompetitive antagonist of the AMPA receptor and neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It was under development by Boehringer Ingelheim for the treatment of acute stroke/cerebral ischemia but never completed clinical trials for this indication. Irampanel was also trialed, originally, for the treatment of epilepsy and pain, but these indications, too, were abandoned, and the drug was ultimately never marketed.
References
- ↑ Strupp, M.; Feil, K.; Dieterich, M.; Brandt, T. (2016). "Bilateral vestibulopathy". Neuro-Otology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 137. pp. 235–40. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63437-5.00017-0. ISBN 9780444634375. PMID 27638075. S2CID 26039856.
- ↑ Choi, J. Y.; Lee, S. H.; Kim, J. S. (2018). "Central vertigo". Current Opinion in Neurology. 31 (1): 81–89. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000511. PMID 29084063. S2CID 13348432.
- ↑ Fife, T. D.; Kalra, D. (2015). "Persistent vertigo and dizziness after mild traumatic brain injury". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1343 (1): 97–105. Bibcode:2015NYASA1343...97F. doi:10.1111/nyas.12678. PMID 25728715. S2CID 40780173.
- ↑ Strupp, M.; Mandalà, M.; López-Escámez, J. A. (2019). "Peripheral vestibular disorders: An update". Current Opinion in Neurology. 32 (1): 165–173. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000649. PMID 30562267. S2CID 56476616.
- ↑ Rutka, J. A.; Barber, H. O. (1986). "Recurrent vestibulopathy: Third review". The Journal of Otolaryngology. 15 (2): 105–7. PMID 3712538.
- ↑ Guerraz, M.; Yardley, L.; Bertholon, P.; Pollak, L.; Rudge, P.; Gresty, M. A.; Bronstein, A. M. (2001). "Visual vertigo: Symptom assessment, spatial orientation and postural control". Brain. 124 (8): 1646–1656. doi: 10.1093/brain/124.8.1646 . PMID 11459755.
- ↑ Nevin, Remington L.; Leoutsakos, Jeannie-Marie (2017). "Identification of a Syndrome Class of Neuropsychiatric Adverse Reactions to Mefloquine from Latent Class Modeling of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System Data". Drugs in R&D. 17 (1): 199–210. doi:10.1007/s40268-016-0167-3. PMC 5318335 . PMID 28063022.
- ↑ Semaan, M. T.; Megerian, C. A. (2011). "Ménière's disease: A challenging and relentless disorder". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 44 (2): 383–403, ix. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2011.01.010. PMID 21474013.
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