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Year 1120 (MCXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
The White Ship was a vessel transporting many nobles, including the heir to the English throne, that sank in the Channel during a trip from France to England near the Normandy coast off Barfleur, on 25 November 1120. Only one of approximately 300 people aboard, a butcher from Rouen, survived.
Robert FitzRoy, 1st Earl of Gloucester was an illegitimate son of King Henry I of England. He was the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, and her chief military supporter during the civil war known as The Anarchy, in which she vied with Stephen of Blois for the throne of England.
The House of Stuart, originally spelled Stewart, was a royal house of Scotland, England, Ireland and later Great Britain. The family name comes from the office of High Steward of Scotland, which had been held by the family progenitor Walter fitz Alan. The name Stewart and variations had become established as a family name by the time of his grandson Walter Stewart. The first monarch of the Stewart line was Robert II, whose male-line descendants were kings and queens in Scotland from 1371, and of England, Ireland and Great Britain from 1603, until 1714. Mary, Queen of Scots (r.1542-1567), was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name Stuart.
Hugh d'Avranches, nicknamed le Gros or Lupus, was from 1071 the second Norman Earl of Chester and one of the great magnates of early Norman England.
Hugh de Grandmesnil, , is one of the proven companions of William the Conqueror known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Subsequently, he became a great landowner in England.
William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey was the son of William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey and his first wife Gundred. He was more often referred to as Earl Warenne or Earl of Warenne than as Earl of Surrey.
Hugh of Cyfeiliog, 5th Earl of Chester, also written Hugh de Kevilioc, was an Anglo-French magnate who was active in England, Wales, Ireland and France during the reign of King Henry II of England.
Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester was the son of Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, and his wife, Ermentrude of Clermont.
Robert de Mowbray, a Norman, was Earl of Northumbria from 1086 until 1095. Robert joined the 1088 rebellion against King William II on behalf of Robert Curthose, but was pardoned and later led the army that killed Malcolm III of Scotland at Alnwick. In 1095, he conspired to put Stephen of Aumale on the throne, was besieged by the king, and captured. As punishment, his marriage was dissolved and his lands confiscated, given to the new husband of his former wife, while Mowbray was imprisoned for life and later became a monk.
Events from the 1120s in England.
Fitz was a patronymic indicator used in Anglo-Norman England to help distinguish individuals by identifying their immediate predecessors. Meaning "son of", it would precede the father's forename, or less commonly a title held by the father. In rare cases it formed part of a matronymic to associate the bearer with a more prominent mother. Convention among modern historians is to represent the word as fitz, but in the original Norman French documentation it appears as fiz, filz, or similar forms, deriving from the Old French noun filz, fiz, meaning "son of", and ultimately from Latin filius (son). Its use during the period of English surname adoption led to its incorporation into patronymic surnames, and at later periods this form was adopted by English kings for the surnames given some of their recognized illegitimate children, and by Irish families when anglicizing their Gaelic patronymic surnames.
Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester (1070−1129) was a Norman magnate based in northern and central England. Originating in Bessin in Normandy, Ranulf made his career in England thanks to his kinship with Hugh d'Avranches - the Earl of Chester, the patronage of kings William II Rufus and Henry I Beauclerc, and his marriage to Lucy, heiress of the Bolingbroke-Spalding estates in Lincolnshire.
Matilda of Chester, Countess of Huntingdon was an Anglo-Norman noblewoman, sometimes known as Maud and sometimes known with the surname de Kevelioc. She was a daughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester, and the wife of David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon.
Ranulf de Briquessart was an 11th-century Norman magnate and viscount.
Maud of Gloucester, Countess of Chester, also known as Matilda, was an Anglo-Norman noblewoman and the daughter of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of King Henry I of England, and Mabel, daughter and heiress of Robert Fitzhamon. Her husband was Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester.
The l'Aigle family was a Norman family that derived from the town of L'Aigle, on the southeastern borders of the Duchy of Normandy. They first appear during the rule of Duke Richard II of Normandy, in the early 11th century, and they would hold L'Aigle for the Norman Dukes and Kings of England until the first half of the 13th century, when with the fall of Normandy to the French crown the last of the line was forced to abandon the ancestral French lands, only to die in England a few years later without surviving English heirs. Their position on the borderlands, and near the headwaters of three rivers, the Risle, Iton and Avre, gave their small holding a special importance, as did a set of marriage connections that provided this relatively minor Norman noble family with a more elevated historical visibility. Having been neighbors and benefactors of the Abbey of Saint-Evroul, the family receive mostly favourable coverage in the 12th-century chronicle of Orderic Vitalis.
Matilda Fitzroy, Countess of Perche, was among several members of the English royal family who died in the wreck of the White Ship off Barfleur.
William Meschin was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and baron. The brother of the earl of Chester, Meschin participated in the First Crusade. After returning to England, he acquired lands both from King Henry I of England and by his marriage to an heiress.
Richard of Lincoln was the illegitimate son of Henry I of England, born to Henry and a woman named Ansfride, widow of Aanskill. She is often referred to as Henry’s third mistress. Richard was brought up and educated by Robert Bloet, the Bishop of Lincoln. Bloet had also educated Richard’s half-brother Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester. Richard is sometimes confused with Richard de Lincoln, an Anglo-Norman prelate who died in 1203.
References
- 1 2 Farrer (1920), p. 89.
- ↑ "The Wreck of the White Ship". Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
- ↑ Churchill (1956), p. 188.
- ↑ Colby (1913), p. 52.
- ↑ Vitalis (1856), p. 40.
- ↑ Vitalis (1856), p. 41.
Bibliography
- Churchill, Winston S. (1956). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Volume I: The Birth of Britain. New York: Dodd Meade.
- Colby, Charles William (1913). Selections from the Sources of English History: Being a Supplement to Text-books of English History B.C.55-A.D.1832. Longmans, Green, & Company – via Google Books.
- Farrer, William (1920). An Outline Itinerary of King Henry the First. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Green, Judith A. (21 September 1989). The Government of England Under Henry I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37586-3 – via Google Books.
- Marshall, H. E. (1905). "Henry I: The Story of the White Ship". Our Island Story. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017.
- The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. Translated by Savage, Anne. New York: Dorset Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-88029-061-6.
- Tanner, J. R.; Previté-Orton, C. W.; Brooke, Z. N., eds. (1926). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume V: Contest of Empire and Papacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 604.
- Vitalis, Ordericus (1856). The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, Volume IV. Translated by Forester, Thomas. London: Henry G. Bohn.