Vulture restaurant

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A vulture restaurant is a site where carrion, decaying flesh from dead animals, is deposited in order to be consumed by vultures, and is sometimes referred to more generally as supplemental feeding or provisioning. These stations can also be referred to as vulture feeding sites, vulture feeding stations, and vulture safe zones. This supplemental feeding practice is used to provide vultures with reliable, non-contaminated food sources or to aid in monitoring schemes. Vulture restaurants have been instituted as a method of vulture conservation in Europe [1] and Africa [2] since the 1960's and 70's, when vulture populations began to decline. This strategy is used because often population declines are attributed to low food availability, food contamination or insufficient nutritional quality, [3] or feeding from human areas leading to conflict. [4] Notably, large vulture population declines in South Asia, referred to as the Asian or Indian vulture crisis, and Africa, referred to as the African vulture crisis, [5] have brought renewed attention to the uses and impacts of vulture restaurants. [6] [7] Vulture restaurants are used in Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America for various conservation and management plans. They can help combat food-derived threats to vultures, such as diclofenac or lead contamination or conflict with ranchers and poachers. The first vulture restaurant was built in South Africa in 1966. [8] Vulture restaurants operate in a number of countries, including Nepal, [9] India, [10] Cambodia, [11] South Africa, [12] Eswatini, [13] and Spain. [14]

Contents

Efficacy

The goal of most vulture restaurants is to decrease vulture mortality events resulting from starvation, food contamination, and human contact. Multiple programs have seen increases in vulture survival and growth in colonies following the implementation of vulture restaurants, including populations of endangered Cape Griffon vultures in South Africa [15] and the critically endangered white-rumped vulture in Pakistan. [6] In reintroduction programs, vulture restaurants have often been considered successful in aiding with the monitoring and wellbeing of released birds. [16] [17] [18] However, vulture restaurants do not themselves address the underlying causes of vulture population crashes. Some studies find that vulture restaurants and other methods of supplemental feeding are responsible for sustaining the current vulture population levels and restaurant closures may result in population crashes. [7] [18] In other cases, the implementation of vulture restaurants in response to an acute crisis event, such as a severe bovine disease outbreak leading to limited safe carrion for vultures, has been successful in mitigating the crisis but created lasting changes in habitat feeding quality and scavenger behavior. [19] In many instances, however, the efficacy of vulture restaurants is unclear due to a lack of adequate monitoring. [18]

California Condor

The California Condor is a North American vulture species with an intensive reintroduction and management program. Vulture restaurants are used commonly throughout the condor's range as a means of reducing the risk of food contamination for this at-risk species and to help monitor the location and status of released individuals. Some of the leading causes of death within the condor species are connected to lead toxicity from spent ammunition [20] [21] and garbage ingestion. [22] Condors, unlike some other vulture species, have not become fully dependent on feeding sites, though they do make use of them. Because of this, they have not been entirely successful at reducing lead toxicity, as birds tend to forage from contaminated carcasses in addition to the carcasses provided and there have been instances of accidental contamination of provisioned carcasses. [17] Additionally, it was found that the presence of nearby vulture restaurants does not reduce the amount of trash foraged by condors and given to their chicks as food. [23] Scheduled food provisioning at vulture restaurants may also alter natural ranging and parenting behaviors. [17] [24] Their more consistent success, however, has been in monitoring and caring for released individuals. Vulture restaurants provide a guaranteed social group for newly released vultures, and allow researchers easy access to check on populations and capture animals when needed, to change out GPS transmitters or perform veterinary care. [17]

White-Rumped Vulture

Vulture restaurants are a common part of management strategies for the endangered white-rumped vulture. This species has undergone large declines along with other Asian vulture species as a result of toxicity from the livestock anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, in addition to other causes. When monitored, vulture restaurants seem to decrease white-rumped vulture mortality though they do not eliminate it. [6] White-rumped vulture populations have stabilized in some regions of Nepal that provision diclofenac-free carcasses from the community, but vultures large ranges allow for continued exposure to the drug in regions that do not restrict its use. [25]

Vulture Restaurant Ecotourism

Vulture restaurants have become the site of ecotourism activities. In many cases, tourists pay a fee to enter a viewing area and watch the vulture restaurants and observe the wildlife that gather there. [26] [27] This can have benefits for encouraging conservation, spreading awareness of threats to vultures, and reducing conflict between vultures and nearby human populations, but these operations face some criticisms as well. The practice of prioritizing tourist access to these locations may lead to inappropriate sites being used as restaurants, such as areas near powerlines where vultures may have collisions or areas close to human populations where vultures may interfere with livestock operations. [28]

Criticisms

In addition to the noted successes, vulture restaurants also face criticisms as a tool for vulture conservation. The restaurants themselves create unintended consequences such as increases in nuisance animals, like mammalian scavengers, in the area around the restaurant due to the consistent food supply. [28] These nuisance animals may cause increased conflicts with humans and increased predation of nearby prey species such as small birds. [29] The restaurants can also produce unpleasant odors and sites that surrounding populations object to. The uneaten or scattered bones and remains of the carrion put in the vulture restaurant can be accidentally ingested by neighboring livestock, [28] and water can be contaminated due to the large concentration of decaying material in the area. In addition to these direct harms the restaurants may cause, some critics claim that vulture restaurants disturb natural processes. By creating designated areas for carcasses to be placed, rather than the random scattering of carcasses that would occur in nature, vulture restaurants risk destabilizing nutrient cycles and animal behavior patterns. [30] These restaurants also bring vultures into closer association with humans, which may change their ecology and put them at greater risk for additional anthropogenic threats such as building and powerline collisions, retaliatory killings, and more. [24] The restaurants also partially remove vultures from the trophic cycle of the area, potentially leading to increased disease from uneaten carcasses in other areas and augmenting parts of the food chain in an unsustainable way. [30] And finally, vulture restaurants are criticized for often failing to address the underlying causes of conservation threats to vultures. While providing non-contaminated food may reduce the likelihood of vultures consuming unsafe carcasses, it does not remove those dangers from the environment or prevent further contamination. Some practitioners accept this and say that vulture restaurants are a crucial temporary solution for populations in distress but that they cannot be the only management strategy in use. [6] [17]  

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vulture</span> Common name for a type of bird

A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. There are 23 extant species of vulture. Old World vultures include 16 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia; New World vultures are restricted to North and South America and consist of seven identified species, all belonging to the Cathartidae family. A particular characteristic of many vultures is a bald, unfeathered head. This bare skin is thought to keep the head clean when feeding, and also plays an important role in thermoregulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New World vulture</span> Family of birds

Cathartidae, known commonly as New World vultures or condors, are a family of birds of prey consisting of seven extant species in five genera. It includes five extant vultures and two extant condors found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas. They are known as "New World" vultures to distinguish them from Old World vultures, with which the Cathartidae does not form a single clade despite the two being similar in appearance and behavior as a result of convergent evolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old World vulture</span> Informal group of birds

Old World vultures are vultures that are found in the Old World, i.e. the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, and which belong to the family Accipitridae, which also includes eagles, buzzards, kites, and hawks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bearded vulture</span> Species of bird

The bearded vulture, also known as the lammergeier and ossifrage, is a very large bird of prey in the monotypic genus Gypaetus. Traditionally considered an Old World vulture, it actually forms a separate minor lineage of Accipitridae together with the Egyptian vulture, its closest living relative. It is not much more closely related to the Old World vultures proper than to, for example, hawks, and differs from the former by its feathered neck. Although dissimilar, the Egyptian and bearded vulture each have a lozenge-shaped tail—unusual among birds of prey. It is vernacularly known as Homa, a divine bird in Iranian mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian griffon vulture</span> Species of bird

The Eurasian griffon vulture is a large Old World vulture in the bird of prey family Accipitridae. It may also be known as the Griffon vulture, though it may be used for the genus as a whole. It is not to be confused with the Rüppell's griffon vulture and Himalayan griffon vulture. It is closely related to the white-backed vulture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Himalayan vulture</span> Species of bird

The Himalayan vulture or Himalayan griffon vulture is an Old World vulture native to the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan Plateau. It is one of the two largest Old World vultures and true raptors. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. It is not to be confused with the Eurasian griffon vulture, which is a similar and sympatric species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-rumped vulture</span> Species of bird

The white-rumped vulture is an Old World vulture native to South and Southeast Asia. It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2000, as the population severely declined. White-rumped vultures die of kidney failure caused by diclofenac poisoning. In the 1980s, the global population was estimated at several million individuals, and it was thought to be "the most abundant large bird of prey in the world". As of 2021, the global population was estimated at less than 6,000 mature individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian vulture</span> Species of vulture

The Indian vulture or long-billed vulture is a bird of prey native to the Indian subcontinent. It is an Old World vulture belonging to the family of Accipitridae. It is a medium-sized vulture with a small, semi-bald head with little feathers, long beak, and wide dark colored wings. It breeds mainly on small cliffs and hilly crags in central and peninsular India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hooded vulture</span> Species of bird

The hooded vulture is an Old World vulture in the order Accipitriformes, which also includes eagles, kites, buzzards and hawks. It is the only member of the genus Necrosyrtes, which is sister to the larger Gyps genus, both of which are a part of the Aegypiinae subfamily of Old World vultures. It is native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it has a widespread distribution with populations in southern, East and West Africa. It is a scruffy-looking, small vulture with dark brown plumage, a long thin bill, bare crown, face and fore-neck, and a downy nape and hind-neck. Its face is usually a light red colour. It typically scavenges on carcasses of wildlife and domestic animals. Although it remains a common species with a stable population in the lower region of Casamance, some areas of The Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau, other regions such as Dakar, Senegal, show more than 85% losses in population over the last 50 years. Threats include poisoning, hunting, loss of habitat and collisions with electricity infrastructure, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as "critically endangered" in their latest assessment (2022). The highest current regional density of hooded vultures is in the western region of The Gambia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Egyptian vulture</span> Species of Old World vultures of the genus Neophron

The Egyptian vulture, also called the white scavenger vulture or pharaoh's chicken, is a small Old World vulture and the only member of the genus Neophron. It is widely distributed from the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, West Asia and India. The contrasting underwing pattern and wedge-shaped tail make it distinctive in flight as it soars in thermals during the warmer parts of the day. Egyptian vultures feed mainly on carrion but are opportunistic and will prey on small mammals, birds, and reptiles. They also feed on the eggs of other birds, breaking larger ones by tossing a large pebble onto them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-backed vulture</span> Species of bird

The white-backed vulture is an Old World vulture in the family Accipitridae, which also includes eagles, kites, buzzards and hawks. It is the most common vulture species in the continent of Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rüppell's vulture</span> Species of bird

Rüppell's vulture, also called Rüppell's griffon vulture, named after Eduard Rüppell, is a large bird of prey, mainly native to the Sahel region and East Africa. The former population of 22,000 has been decreasing due to loss of habitat, incidental poisoning, and other factors. Known also as Rüppell's griffon, Rueppell's griffon, Rüppell's griffin vulture, Rueppell's vulture and other variants, it is not to be confused with a different species, the griffon vulture. Rüppell's vulture is considered to be the highest-flying bird, with confirmed evidence of a flight at an altitude of 11,300 m (37,000 ft) above sea level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andean condor</span> Species of bird

The Andean condor is a South American New World vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. It is found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America. With a maximum wingspan of 3.3 m and weight of 15 kg (33 lb), the Andean condor is one of the largest flying birds in the world, and is generally considered to be the largest bird of prey in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scavenger</span> Organism that feeds on dead animal and/or plants material

Scavengers are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a herbivorous feeding behavior. Scavengers play an important role in the ecosystem by consuming dead animal and plant material. Decomposers and detritivores complete this process, by consuming the remains left by scavengers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cape vulture</span> Species of bird

The Cape vulture, also known as Cape griffon and Kolbe's vulture, is an Old World vulture in the family Accipitridae. It is endemic to southern Africa, and lives mainly in South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, and in some parts of northern Namibia. It nests on cliffs and lays one egg per year. In 2015, it had been classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, but was down-listed to Vulnerable in 2021 as some populations increased and have been stable since about 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-headed vulture</span> Species of bird

The white-headed vulture is an Old World vulture endemic to Africa. Populations have been declining steeply in recent years due to habitat degradation and poisoning of vultures at carcasses. An extinct relative was also present in the Indonesian island of Flores during the Late Pleistocene, indicating that the genus was more widespread in the past.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cathartiformes</span> Order of birds

The Cathartiformes order of raptors or birds of prey includes the New World vultures and the now-extinct Teratornithidae. These raptors are classified by most taxonomic authorities in the order Accipitriformes. In the past, they were considered to be a sister group to the storks of the order Ciconiiformes based on DNA–DNA hybridization and morphology. However, a 2021 analysis of mitochondrial genes among Accipitrimorphae, which include Cathartiformes, reinforced prior findings on the phylogenetic relationship between Cathartiformes and other subfamilies of Accipitriformes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian vulture crisis</span> Ecological crisis in Indian subcontinent

Nine species of vulture can be found living in India, but most are now in danger of extinction after a rapid and major population collapse in recent decades. In the early 1980s, three species of Gyps vultures had a combined estimated population of 40 million in South Asia, while in 2017 the total population numbered only 19,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre, Pinjore</span> Critically Endangered Bird Breeding Centre in Haryana, India

The Jatayu and Sparrow Conservation Breeding Centre (JCBC), is the world's largest facility for the breeding and conservation of Indian vultures and the house sparrow. It is located within the Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary in the town of Pinjore in the State of Haryana, India. It is run by the Haryana Forests Department and Bombay Natural History Society with the help of British nature conservation charity Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. It is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Pinjore and covers 5 acres (2.0 ha).

Jatayu vulture restaurant is the first community managed vulture restaurant in the world. It is located in Pithauli of Nawalparasi district in Nepal in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park. It was established in 2006. It provides safe food to vulture. The facility attracts tourists and conservationists from around the world. The vultures fed at this place has been tracked to have reached up to Pakistan.

References

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  3. ↑ Richardson1, P. R. K.; Plug3, I. (1986). "Bone crushing carnivores and their significance to osteodystrophy in griffon vulture chicks". Journal of Zoology. 210 (1): 23–43. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03618.x. ISSN   1469-7998.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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