Related Research Articles
The history of Georgia in the United States of America spans pre-Columbian time to the present-day U.S. state of Georgia. The area was inhabited by Native American tribes for thousands of years. A modest Spanish presence was established in the late 16th century,mostly centered on Catholic missions. The Spanish had largely withdrawn from the territory by the early 18th century,although they had settlements in nearby Florida. They had little influence historically in what would become Georgia.
Michael Hoke Smith was an American attorney,politician,and newspaper owner who served as United States secretary of the interior (1893–1896),58th governor of Georgia,and a United States senator (1911–1920) from Georgia. He was a leader of the progressive movement in the South and in the successful campaign to disenfranchise African American voters in 1907.
The Georgia Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Georgia and one of the two major political parties and the current favored party in the state and is currently chaired by Joshua McKoon.
The 1910–11 United States Senate election were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913,senators were primarily chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1910 and 1911,and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. However,some states had already begun direct elections during this time. Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after,Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912,as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party's primary or in conjunction with a general election.
More than 1,500 African American officeholders served during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877) and in the years after Reconstruction before white supremacy,disenfranchisement,and the Democratic Party fully reasserted control in Southern states. Historian Canter Brown Jr. noted that in some states,such as Florida,the highest number of African Americans were elected or appointed to offices after the end of Reconstruction in 1877. The following is a partial list of notable African American officeholders from the end of the Civil War until before 1900. Dates listed are the year that a term states or the range of years served if multiple terms.
The 1906 Atlanta Race Massacre,also known as the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot, was an episode of mass racial violence against African Americans in the United States in September 1906. Violent attacks by armed mobs of White Americans against African Americans in Atlanta,Georgia,began after newspapers,on the evening of September 22,1906,published several unsubstantiated and luridly detailed reports of the alleged rapes of 4 local women by black men. The violence lasted through September 24,1906. The events were reported by newspapers around the world,including the French Le Petit Journal which described the "lynchings in the USA" and the "massacre of Negroes in Atlanta," the Scottish Aberdeen Press &Journal under the headline "Race Riots in Georgia," and the London Evening Standard under the headlines "Anti-Negro Riots" and "Outrages in Georgia." The final death toll of the conflict is unknown and disputed,but officially at least 25 African Americans and two whites died. Unofficial reports ranged from 10–100 black Americans killed during the massacre. According to the Atlanta History Center,some black Americans were hanged from lampposts;others were shot,beaten or stabbed to death. They were pulled from street cars and attacked on the street;white mobs invaded black neighborhoods,destroying homes and businesses.
Henry McNeal Turner was an American minister,politician,and the 12th elected and consecrated bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). After the American Civil War,he worked to establish new A.M.E. congregations among African Americans in Georgia. Born free in South Carolina,Turner had learned to read and write and became a Methodist preacher. He joined the AME Church in St. Louis,Missouri,in 1858,where he became a minister. Founded by free blacks in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,in the early 19th century,the A.M.E. Church was the first independent black denomination in the United States. Later Turner had pastorates in Baltimore,Maryland,and Washington,DC.
The "Original 33" were the first 33 African-American members of the Georgia General Assembly. They were elected to office in 1868,during the Reconstruction era. They were among the first African-American state legislators in the United States. Twenty-four of the members were ministers. Upon taking office,white Democrats,then a minority in the Assembly,conspired with enough white Republicans to expel the African-American legislators from the Assembly in September 1868. The next year,the Supreme Court of Georgia ruled that African Americans had the right to hold office in Georgia. The expelled legislators were reinstated and took office in January 1870.
The 128th Georgia General Assembly convened its first session on January 13,1965,at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. The 128th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 127th and served as the precedent for the 129th in 1967.
Ransom Montgomery was an American slave,the only slave owned by the state of Georgia,and the second black person to own property in Atlanta.
F. H. Fyall was a state Representative in the U.S. state of Georgia during the Reconstruction era. He was one of the Original 33 African Americans elected as legislators in Georgia.
Styles Linton Hutchins was an attorney,politician,and activist in South Carolina,Georgia,and Tennessee between 1877 and 1906. Hutchins was among the last African Americans to graduate from the University of South Carolina School of Law in the brief window during Reconstruction when the school was open to Black students and the first Black attorney admitted to practice in Georgia. He practiced law and participated in local politics in Georgia and Tennessee,served a single term (1887-1888) in the Tennessee General Assembly as one of its last Black members before an era of entrenched white supremacy that lasted until 1965,and advocated for the interests of African Americans. He called for reparations and attempted to identify or create a separate homeland for Blacks. He was a member of the defense team in the 1906 appeal on civil rights grounds by Ed Johnson of a conviction of rape,a case which reached the Supreme Court before it was halted by Johnson's murder by lynching in Chattanooga,Tennessee.
Lectured Crawford was a teacher,A.M.E. Church minister,and state legislator in Georgia. He was one of the last African American legislators in Georgia prior to the prohibition on Black people holding office in the state.
H. F. McKay was an American politician. He and Lectured Crawford were elected to serve in the Georgia Legislature. He lived in Johnston Station,Georgia in Liberty County,Georgia. He was nominated to be the Republican candidate at their 1900 convention in Hinesville,Georgia.
Hercules Wilson was an American politician. He represented McIntosh County,Georgia in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1882 until 1885.
Amos Rodgers,often spelled Amos Rogers,was an American politician. He was a state legislator in Georgia. He represented McIntosh County,Georgia from 1878 through 1879.
Herschel Vivian Cashin was an American lawyer,state legislator,and public official in the United States.
Lucien Fisher,sometimes spelled Lucian Fisher,was a state legislator in Florida. He represented Leon County in the Florida House of Representatives. He served in 1875.
William H. Moore was a state legislator in North Carolina. He served in the North Carolina House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era. He represented New Hanover County and served with other African Americans in the state legislature. His post office was in Wilmington,North Carolina. He served with Henry Brewington and Alfred Lloyd who also represented New Hanover in the 1874-1875 session. All three were African Americans.
References
- 1 2 "Early Law Makers Already on Scene". The Macon Telegraph. 23 June 1908. p. 1. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- 1 2 3 Legare, John Girardeau (July 1, 2012). The Darien Journal of John Girardeau Legare, Ricegrower. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820343105 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Georgia at the regular session of the General Assembly at Atlanta, Wednesday, June 26, 1907 – Digital Library of Georgia".
- ↑ Bacote, Clarence Albert (July 17, 1987). "The Negro in Georgia Politics, 1880–1908". University of Chicago – via Google Books.
- 1 2 Galphin, Bruce (10 May 1965). "The Last Negro State Representative". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 4. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ↑ "Today in 1868, a Convention Was Held, Which Protested the Expulsion of Blacks From Georgia's State Legislature". October 6, 2020.
- 1 2 Grantham, Dewey W. (March 1, 1967). Hoke Smith and the Politics of the New South. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807101186 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Negro Legislator Sends Resignation". The Macon News. 11 September 1907. p. 8. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ↑ Admin, Super. "Black Legislators during Reconstruction".
- ↑ Hornsby, Alton Jr. (August 23, 2011). Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781573569767 – via Google Books.