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Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein (mRNA), or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, upstream on the DNA . Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long, the sequence of which is highly dependent on the gene and product of transcription, type or class of RNA polymerase recruited to the site, and species of organism.
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene. Gene silencing can occur during either transcription or translation and is often used in research. In particular, methods used to silence genes are being increasingly used to produce therapeutics to combat cancer and other diseases, such as infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors that bind to the sterol regulatory element DNA sequence TCACNCCAC. Mammalian SREBPs are encoded by the genes SREBF1 and SREBF2. SREBPs belong to the basic-helix-loop-helix leucine zipper class of transcription factors. Unactivated SREBPs are attached to the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. In cells with low levels of sterols, SREBPs are cleaved to a water-soluble N-terminal domain that is translocated to the nucleus. These activated SREBPs then bind to specific sterol regulatory element DNA sequences, thus upregulating the synthesis of enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis. Sterols in turn inhibit the cleavage of SREBPs and therefore synthesis of additional sterols is reduced through a negative feed back loop.
Interleukin-29 (IL-29) is a cytokine and it belongs to type III interferons group, also termed interferons λ (IFN-λ). IL-29 plays an important role in the immune response against pathogenes and especially against viruses by mechanisms similar to type I interferons, but targeting primarily cells of epithelial origin and hepatocytes.
Gamma-synuclein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNCG gene.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), also known as NR1C1, is a nuclear receptor protein functioning as a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the PPARA gene. Together with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPAR-alpha is part of the subfamily of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. It was the first member of the PPAR family to be cloned in 1990 by Stephen Green and has been identified as the nuclear receptor for a diverse class of rodent hepatocarcinogens that causes proliferation of peroxisomes.
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEBPB gene.
Interferon regulatory factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF1 gene.
Proteasome activator complex subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSME1 gene.
MHC class II regulatory factor RFX1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the RFX1 gene located on the short arm of chromosome 19.
AP-1 complex subunit gamma-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP1G2 gene.
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFITM1 gene. IFITM1 has also recently been designated CD225. This protein has several additional names: fragilis, IFI17 [interferon-induced protein 17], 9-27 [Interferon-inducible protein 9-27] and Leu13.
Interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFI6 gene.
The Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain is a protein involved in the assembly of the high-affinity Interleukin-2 receptor, consisting of alpha (IL2RA), beta (IL2RB) and the common gamma chain (IL2RG). As the name indicates, this receptor interacts with Interleukin-2, a pleiotropic cytokine which plays an important role in immune homeostasis.
The Hepatitis B virus PRE stem-loop alpha is an RNA structure that is shown to play a role in nuclear export of HBV mRNAs.
The Hepatitis B virus PRE stem-loop beta is an RNA structure that is shown to play a role in nuclear export of HBV mRNAs.
The G beta-gamma complex (Gβγ) is a tightly bound dimeric protein complex, composed of one Gβ and one Gγ subunit, and is a component of heterotrimeric G proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins, also called guanosine nucleotide-binding proteins, consist of three subunits, called alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, or Gα, Gβ, and Gγ. When a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is activated, Gα dissociates from Gβγ, allowing both subunits to perform their respective downstream signaling effects. One of the major functions of Gβγ is the inhibition of the Gα subunit.
Hepatitis B virus PRE 1151–1410 is a part of 500 base pair long HBV PRE, that has been proposed to be the hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA export element. However, the function is controversial and new regulatory elements have been predicted within PRE. PRE 1151–1410 enhances nuclear export of intronless transcripts and represses the splicing mechanism to a comparable degree to that of the full-length PRE. Hence it was proposed to be the core HBV PRE element. PRE1151–1410 contains 3 known regulatory elements: PRE SL-alpha, human La protein binding site, SRE-1.
References
- ↑ Lee, YB; Glover, CP; Cosgrave, AS; Bienemann, A; Uney, JB (Jan 2005). "Optimizing regulatable gene expression using adenoviral vectors". Exp Physiol. 90 (1): 33–7. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2004.028209. PMID 15542617.
- 1 2 Donello, JE; Loeb, JE; Hope, TJ (Jun 1998). "Woodchuck hepatitis virus contains a tripartite posttranscriptional regulatory element". J. Virol. 72 (6): 5085–92. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.6.5085-5092.1998. PMC 110072 . PMID 9573279.
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