Wacousta

Last updated

Wacousta is a novel by John Richardson. It was first published in December 1832 by Thomas Cadell in London and William Blackwood in Edinburgh. [1] Wacousta is sometimes claimed as the first Canadian novel, [2] although in fact it is preceded by Julia Catherine Beckwith's St. Ursula's Convent; or, The Nun of Canada (Kingston, 1824). Wacousta is better categorized as the first attempt by a Canadian-born author at historical fiction.

Contents

However, it is one of the first novels written by a Canadian-born author about Canada, and, in spite of its overwrought sentimentalism, it has been treated as a seminal work in the development of a Canadian literary sensibility. [3]

Its themes include prophecy and opposites, such as manliness vs. effeminacy, wilderness/wildness vs. civilization, sensibility vs. compassion and the natural vs. the supernatural among others.

In the period of publication, Wacousta was quite popular not only in Canada, but also in the United States. A contemporary novel it competed with was James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans . Where they differ is that Cooper's novel focuses on the efforts of the individual within the whole, but Richardson's novel concerns itself with broader cross-cultural motivations. Canadian critic Joseph Pivato has pointed out that the image of the British settlers huddled together inside the fort inspired Northrop Frye to propose his "garrison mentality" theory for Canadian literature.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victoria University, Toronto</span> Constituent college of the University of Toronto, Canada

Victoria University is a federated college of the University of Toronto, founded in 1836 and named in honour of Queen Victoria. It is commonly called Victoria College, informally Vic, after the original academic component that now forms its undergraduate division. Since 1928, Victoria College has retained secular studies in the liberal arts and sciences while Emmanuel College has functioned as its postgraduate theological college. Victoria operated as an independent institution until its federation with the University of Toronto in 1890, relocating from Cobourg to Toronto.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northrop Frye</span> Canadian literary theorist

Herman Northrop Frye was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist, considered one of the most influential of the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">E. J. Pratt</span>

Edwin John Dove Pratt, who published as E. J. Pratt, was "the leading Canadian poet of his time." He was a Canadian poet from Newfoundland who lived most of his life in Toronto, Ontario. A three-time winner of the country's Governor General's Award for poetry, he has been called "the foremost Canadian poet of the first half of the century."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Richardson (author)</span>

John Richardson was a Canadian officer in the British Army who became the first Canadian-born novelist to achieve international recognition.

Jean Jay Macpherson was a Canadian lyric poet and scholar. The Encyclopædia Britannica calls her "a member of 'the mythopoeic school of poetry,' who expressed serious religious and philosophical themes in symbolic verse that was often lyrical or comic."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Robert Colombo</span> Canadian author, editor, and poet

John Robert Colombo, CM is a Canadian author, editor, and poet. He has published over 200 titles, including major anthologies and reference works.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isabella Valancy Crawford</span>

Isabella Valancy Crawford was an Irish-born Canadian writer and poet. She was one of the first Canadians to make a living as a freelance writer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">B. W. Powe</span>

Bruce William Powe, commonly known as B. W. Powe, is a Canadian poet, novelist, essayist, philosopher, and teacher.

Imre Salusinszky is an Australian journalist, political adviser and English literature academic who is currently media adviser to former Australian Government Minister for Communications, Urban Infrastructure, Cities and the Arts, Paul Fletcher.

The garrison mentality, or theory, argues that early Canadian identity was characterised by fear of an empty and hostile national landscape. It suggests that the environment’s impact on the national psyche has influenced themes within Canadian literature, cinema and television. The term was first coined by literary critic Northrop Frye in the Literary History of Canada (1965), who used the metaphorical image of a garrison to illustrate that Canadians are defensive and hiding from external forces. It was then expanded upon by various other critics, including authors and academics. The garrison mentality is apparent in both older and more contemporary Canadian literature and media. The theory has received criticism and praise for its overarching premise that the natural environment has determined the qualities of a population.

<i>Towards the Last Spike</i>

Towards the Last Spike was written in 1952 by Canadian poet E. J. Pratt. It is a long narrative poem in blank verse about the construction of the first transcontinental railroad line in Canada, that of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), from 1871 through 1885.

David Cayley is a Toronto-based Canadian writer and broadcaster, who is known for documenting philosophy of prominent thinkers of the 20th century - Ivan Illich, Northrop Frye, George Grant, and Rene Girard. His work has been broadcast on CBC Radio One's programme Ideas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frye Festival</span>

The Frye Festival, formerly known as the Northrop Frye International Literary Festival, is a bilingual literary festival held in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada in April of each year. The festival began in 1999 and honours noted literary critic Herman Northrop Frye (1912–1991), who spent his formative years in Moncton, graduating from Aberdeen High School.

<i>The Bush Garden</i>

The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination is a collection of essays by Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye (1912–1991). The collection was originally published in 1971; it was republished, with an introduction by Canadian postmodern theorist Linda Hutcheon, in 1995. The Bush Garden features analyses of Canadian poetry, prose fiction and painting. According to Frye's introduction, the essays were selected to provide a composite view of the Canadian imagination, an understanding of the human imagination's reaction to and development in response to the Canadian environment.

<i>Fearful Symmetry</i> (book)

Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake is a 1947 book by Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye whose subject is the work of English poet and visual artist William Blake. The book has been hailed as one of the most important contributions to the study of William Blake and one of the first that embarked on the interpretation of many of Blake's most obscure works. As Frye himself acknowledges, Blake's work is not to be deciphered but interpreted and seen within its specific historical and social contexts.

The Collected Works of Northrop Frye is a uniform scholarly edition of the writings of the 20th-century literary critic Northrop Frye. The series was published by the University of Toronto Press under the general editorship of Alvin A. Lee, with the first of its thirty volumes appearing in 1996 and the last appearing in 2012. Alongside Frye's established critical writings, interviews, and speeches, the Collected Works presents previously unpublished material, such as diaries, book drafts, and juvenilia, drawn from his archives at Victoria University, Toronto. The project was funded by various grants from the Michael G. DeGroote family through McMaster University, from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and from Victoria University, Toronto.

<i>Southern Cross</i> (wordless novel) 1951 novel by Laurence Hyde

Southern Cross is the sole wordless novel by Canadian artist Laurence Hyde (1914–1987). Published in 1951, its 118 wood-engraved images narrate the impact of atomic testing on Pacific islanders. Hyde made the book to express his anger at the US military's nuclear tests in the Bikini Atoll.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pelham Edgar</span>

Oscar Pelham Edgar was a Canadian teacher. He was a full professor and head of the Department of English at the Victoria College, Toronto from 1910 to 1938. He wrote many articles and several monographs on English literature. He had a talent for identifying and encouraging promising new authors. He was an active member of various literary societies, and was the force behind the establishment of the Canadian Writers’ Foundation to help needy authors.

John Daniel Robins was a Canadian academic and humorist. A longtime professor of German and English literature at the University of Toronto's Victoria University, he was most noted for his book The Incomplete Anglers, which was co-winner with E. K. Brown's On Canadian Poetry of the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction at the 1943 Governor General's Awards.

Francis William Grey (1860–1939) was a British-born Canadian writer and academic. He was most noted for his 1899 novel The Curé of St. Philippe, which was republished by McClelland and Stewart's New Canadian Library series in 1970.

References

  1. Cronk 1987, p. xvii.
  2. Harris, David. "John Richardson's Wacousta" . Retrieved 2007-09-20.
  3. McGregor, Gaile (1985). The Wacousta Syndrome: Explorations in the Canadian Landscape. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Works cited