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Great Zimbabwe is a medieval city in the south-eastern hills of the modern country of Zimbabwe,near Lake Mutirikwe and the town of Masvingo. It is thought to have been the capital of a kingdom during the Late Iron Age. Construction on the city began in the 11th century and continued until it was abandoned in the 15th century. The edifices were erected by ancestors of the Shona people,currently located in Zimbabwe and nearby countries. The stone city spans an area of 7.22 square kilometres (2.79 sq mi) and could have housed up to 18,000 people at its peak,giving it a population density of approximately 2,500 inhabitants per square kilometre (6,500/sq mi). It is recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Historic preservation (US),built heritage preservation or built heritage conservation (UK) is an endeavor that seeks to preserve,conserve and protect buildings,objects,landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. It is a philosophical concept that became popular in the twentieth century,which maintains that cities as products of centuries' development should be obligated to protect their patrimonial legacy. The term refers specifically to the preservation of the built environment,and not to preservation of,for example,primeval forests or wilderness.
Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Not all heritages of past generations are "heritage";rather,heritage is a product of selection by society.
Cultural heritage management (CHM) is the vocation and practice of managing cultural heritage. It is a branch of cultural resources management (CRM),although it also draws on the practices of cultural conservation,restoration,museology,archaeology,history and architecture. While the term cultural heritage is generally used in Europe,in the US the term cultural resources is in more general use specifically referring to cultural heritage resources.
The Valletta Treaty (formally the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised),also known as the Malta Convention) is a multilateral treaty of the Council of Europe. The 1992 treaty aims to protect the European archaeological heritage "as a source of European collective memory and as an instrument for historical and scientific study". All remains and objects and any other traces of humankind from past times are considered to be elements of the archaeological heritage. The archaeological heritage shall include structures,constructions,groups of buildings,developed sites,moveable objects,monuments of other kinds as well as their context,whether situated on land or under water." (Art. 1)
The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the preservation of cultural heritage worldwide through training,information,research,cooperation and advocacy programmes. It aims to enhance the field of conservation-restoration and raise awareness to the importance and fragility of cultural heritage.
Andrzej Stanisław Tomaszewski was a Polish historian of art and culture,architect,urban planner and archaeologist. He was investigator of medieval architecture and art in Poland and abroad. He was considered one of the most important and influential international scientists in the preservation and conservation of cultural heritage.
The National Monuments of Zimbabwe are protected and promoted in accordance with the National Museums and Monuments Act 1972. This law replaced the colonial-era Monuments and Relics Act 1936,which in turn replaced the 1902 Ancient Monuments Protection Ordinance and 1912 Bushmen Relics Ordinance. The National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ) is the body responsible for maintaining the Archaeological Survey,the national inventory of monuments and sites. In April 2000 there were approximately 14,000 entries on the Archaeological Survey,of which 118 were National Monuments. 79 National Monuments had been declared under the old system by 1954. By 1980,the register had grown to over 3,000 sites and 169 declared monuments.
The cultural monuments of the Czech Republic are protected properties designated by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. Cultural monuments that constitute the most important part of the Czech cultural heritage may be declared national cultural monuments by a regulation of the Government of the Czech Republic. Government may also proclaim a territory,whose character and environment is determined by a group of immovable cultural monuments or archaeological finds,as a whole,as a monument reservation. Ministry of Culture may proclaim a territory of a settlement with a smaller number of cultural monuments,historical environment or part of a landscape area that display significant cultural values as a monument zone.
Mounir Bouchenaki is an Algerian archaeologist and incumbent Director of the Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage. He was Director-General of ICCROM from 2006 to 2011,UNESCO's Assistant Director General for Culture (2000-2006),Director of the World Heritage Centre (1998-2000),Director of UNESCO's Cultural Heritage Division (1990-2000). In January 2011,he was named honorary special adviser of UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova and of ICCROM Director-General.
The conservation and management of Thailand's cultural heritage falls largely under the purview of the Fine Arts Department,under the framework of the Act on Ancient Monuments,Antiques,Objects of Art and National Museums,B.E. 2504 (1961). Under the law,the department has authority to manage and protect architectural sites,antiques and objets d'art of significant artistic,historical,or archaeological value. It is also responsible for operating national museums for the safekeeping of such artefacts. As of September 2015,the Department lists 5,678 ancient monuments,2,087 of which have officially been registered. It operates 43 national museums throughout the country.
Edward J. Matenga is a Zimbabwean archaeologist and the former director of the Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site 1998 –2004. He was a curator at the Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences in Harare from 1988 to 1994. He is now an independent heritage management consultant based in Pretoria,South Africa. He is a member of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS).
Abdolrasool Vatandoust Haghighi is an Iranian archaeologist.
Lynn Meskell is an Australian archaeologist and anthropologist who currently works as a professor at the University of Pennsylvania.
Innocent Pikirayi is Professor in Archaeology and Head of the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology at the University of Pretoria. He works on the state and societies in southern Africa. Pikirayi was amongst the first Zimbabweans to train in archaeology after Zimbabwean independence.
Shadreck Chirikure is Edward Hall Professor of Archaeological Science at the University of Oxford where he is Director of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,School of Archaeology. He holds a British Academy Global Professorship within the same School at Oxford. He is a leading archaeologist,studying ancient materials and technology,human-materials relations and history of technology.
Gilbert Pwiti is an archaeologist. He is a pioneer of modern archaeological and heritage management research in southern Africa and Zimbabwe. Pwiti was amongst the first generation of indigenous historians to be trained in archaeology in postcolonial southern Africa and he was the first professor of Archaeology in Zimbabwe.
Bennie Carlton Keel is an American archaeologist who has made contributions to the foundational understanding of Cherokee archaeology and culture,North Carolina archaeology,and to the development of Americanist cultural resource management (CRM).
Gamini Wijesuriya is a Sri Lankan architect and archaeologist,known for being a specialist in heritage management.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 "ICCROM's New Director-General – Webber Ndoro | ICCROM". www.iccrom.org. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nhamo, Ancila (2014), "Ndoro, Webber", in Smith, Claire (ed.), Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Springer, pp. 5168–5170, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_56, ISBN 978-1-4419-0465-2 , retrieved 2020-06-10
- ↑ Ndoro, Webber. (2001). Your monument our shrine : the preservation of Great Zimbabwe. Dept. of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. ISBN 91-506-1466-5. OCLC 47103679.
- ↑ "Webber Ndoro Honoured at 29th General Assembly | ICCROM". www.iccrom.org. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 2020-06-10.