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Energy diplomacy is a form of diplomacy, and a subfield of international relations. It is closely related to its principal, foreign policy, and to overall national security, specifically energy security. Energy diplomacy began in the first half of the twentieth century and emerged as a term during the second oil crisis as a means of describing OPEC's actions. It has since mainly focused on the securitization of energy supplies, primarily fossil fuels, but also nuclear energy and increasingly sustainable energy, on a country or bloc basis.
In international relations, coercion refers to the imposition of costs by a state on other states and non-state actors to prevent them from taking an action (deterrence) or to compel them to take an action (compellence). Coercion frequently takes the form of threats or the use of limited military force. It is commonly seen as analytically distinct from persuasion, brute force, or full-on war.
References
- ↑ Crawford, Timothy W. (2021). The Power to Divide: Wedge Strategies in Great Power Competition. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-5471-5. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv12sdwfh.
- ↑ Crawford, Timothy W.; Vu, Khang X. (2021-10-25). "Arms Control as Wedge Strategy: How Arms Limitation Deals Divide Alliances". International Security. 46 (2): 91–129. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00420. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 239770379.
- ↑ Izumikawa, Yasuhiro (2013). "To Coerce or Reward? Theorizing Wedge Strategies in Alliance Politics". Security Studies. 22 (3): 498–531. doi:10.1080/09636412.2013.816121. S2CID 145511562.
- 1 2 Crawford, Timothy (2008). "Wedge Strategy, Balancing, and the Deviant Case of Spain, 1940–41". Security Studies. 17 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1080/09636410801894126. S2CID 145192143.
- ↑ Selverstone, Marc J. (2009). Constructing the Monolith: The United States, Great Britain and International Communism, 1945-1950. Harvard University Press. pp. 116–144. ISBN 9780674031791.
- ↑ "National Covert Strategy" (PDF). CIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017.
- ↑ Crawford, Timothy (Spring 2011). "Preventing Enemy Coalitions: How Wedge Strategies Shape Power Politics". International Security. 35 (4): 155–189. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00036. JSTOR 41289683. S2CID 57559849.
- ↑ Beisner, Robert L. (March 6, 2009). Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War. Oxford University Press. p. 274. ISBN 9780199754892.
- ↑ McGaughey, Ewan (2018-09-02). "Could Brexit be Void?". King's Law Journal. 29 (3): 331–343. doi:10.1080/09615768.2018.1555881. ISSN 0961-5768.
- ↑ European Parliament. Directorate General for External Policies of the Union. (2021). Best practices in the whole-of-society approach in countering hybrid threats. LU: Publications Office. p. 15. doi:10.2861/379.
- ↑ Sheng Hao Chai, Tommy (2020). "How China attempts to drive a wedge in the U.S.-Australia alliance". Australian Journal of International Affairs. 74 (5): 511–531. doi:10.1080/10357718.2020.1721432.
- ↑ Meijer, Hugo (2022). Awakening to China's Rise. Oxford. pp. 179–180, 236–237.
- ↑ Fallon, Theresa. "The EU, the South China Sea and China's successful wedge strategy". Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. CSIS.
- ↑ Lind, Jennifer (July 2019). "The Rise of China and the Future of the Transatlantic Relationship" (PDF). Chatham House.
- ↑ Joo Yoo, Hyon (January–March 2015). "China's Friendly Offensive Toward Japan in the 1950s: The Theory of Wedge Strategies and International Relations". Asian Perspective. 39 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1353/apr.2015.0007.
- 1 2 3 Huang, Yuxing (Summer 2020). "An Interdependence Theory of Wedge Strategies". The Chinese Journal of International Politics. 13 (2): 253–286. doi:10.1093/cjip/poaa004.
- ↑ Thompson, Mark R.; Batalla, Eric Vincent C., eds. (2018). Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines. Routledge. p. 176. ISBN 9780367580827.
- ↑ Lim, Sojin; Alsford, Niki J.P., eds. (2018). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary South Korea. Routledge. pp. 312–325. ISBN 9781032052175.
- ↑ Chun, Jayhun; Ku, Yangmo (Summer 2020). "Clashing Geostrategic Choices in East Asia, 2009-2015: Re-balancing, Wedge Strategy, and Hedging". The Korean Journal of International Studies. 18 (1): 253–286. doi:10.1093/cjip/poaa004.
- ↑ Vu, Khang. "External Coercion, Internal Accommodation: China's Wedge Strategies Towards the Vietnam-United States Partnership, 2013–2022". Journal of Contemporary China. doi:10.1080/10670564.2023.2228718.
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