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Wilhelmina Drucker (née Wilhelmina Elizabeth Lensing; Amsterdam, 30 September 1847 – Amsterdam, 5 December 1925) was a Dutch politician and writer. One of the first Dutch feminists, she was also known under her pseudonyms Gipsy, Gitano, and E. Prezcier.
Drucker was one of two daughters born to the seamstress Constantia Christina Lensing and the German-Jewish banker Louis Drucker. [1] Her father refused to marry her mother or to legally recognise their children, meaning Wilhelmina grew up in difficult circumstances. She received a Catholic education took up the same profession as her mother and from 1886 onwards attended meetings of the Sociaal-Democratische Bond, the De Unie union, the Nederlandsche Bond voor Algemeen Kies- en Stemrecht (Dutch League for General Suffrage) and the freethinkers' association De Dageraad. In the following years socialism had a major formative influence on her. She argued from her personal experience against a wider background, analysing and understanding the social mechanisms affecting women and thus able to conceive of what action to take to bring about change. Under a pseudonym, she wrote a book attacking the double standards of her father's morality in only recognising children born to him by a richer woman.
She also began a lawsuit against her half-brother, the liberal politician Hendrik Lodewijk Drucker, who had received an inheritance from Louis - she won it in 1888 and thus gained financial independence. Immediately after this she and other women from radical and socialist circles set up De Vrouw (The Woman), a weekly magazine for women and girls. In 1889 Drucker founded the Vrije Vrouwen Vereeniging (VVV, or Free Women's Association), which in 1894 developed into the Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht (Women's Rights Association). In 1891 Drucker represented the VVV at the International Socialist Labor Congress in Brussels, the second congress of the Second International, where she and delegates from Germany, Austria and Italy called for a resolution that the manifestos of all countries' socialist parties' should include a call for full legal and political equality of men and women - this resolution was adopted by the congress.
In 1893 Drucker and her right-hand-woman Dora Schook-Haver founded the weekly magazine Evolutie (Evolution) - this lasted until 1926. Drucker also lectured throughout the Netherlands, got involved in the establishment of several women's trade unions and in 1897 became a member of the newly founded Vereeniging Onderlinge Vrouwenbescherming (VOV, or Women's Mutual Protection Society), which worked for the rights of unmarried mothers and their children. Drucker stated that the VOV should be a militant organisation uniting all women - married or unmarried, with or without children - to work in the public sphere for women's rights and against unjust laws and outdated morality. [2] She explained her thinking and ideas on the mission and role of the VOV, laying the foundations for later activist organisations such as Blijf van mijn Lijf (literally 'Stay away from my body, a network of women's shelters) and Vrouwen tegen Verkrachting (Women against Rape). For her militant calls for action to achieve women's equality she was nicknamed 'Ijzeren'(iron) or 'Dolle'(mad) Mina, monikers that gained even more traction after her staging of a symbolic public burning of women's corsets. The highly publicised activist feminist group Dolle Mina, started in 1970, was named in honour of Wilhelmina Drucker, which was celebrated by a public brassiere-burning ceremony in Amsterdam.
George Wilhelm Kettmann or George Kettmann Jr. was a Dutch poet, writer, journalist and publisher who promoted Nazism in the Netherlands. With his wife, he founded the best known Dutch Nazi publishing house, De Amsterdamsche Keurkamer. Until 1941 he was editor in chief of Volk en Vaderland, the weekly journal of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB), the movement of Anton Mussert.
Titia Klasina Elisabeth van der Tuuk, commonly known as Titia van der Tuuk, was a Dutch feminist and socialist. She was born in 't Zandt, Groningen to a preacher and a writer of children's literature. She initially worked as a teacher, but had to give up her profession due to deafness and hostility toward her because she was an avowed atheist. From 1885 onward, she started translating foreign literature into Dutch and writing children's literature and historic novels. She was passionate in her activism for atheism, teetotalism, vegetarianism and pacifism. She often used the pseudonym Vitalis. She was never married and lived openly with her female partner. She died in Zeist, age 84.
Johanna Elisabeth (Joke) Smit was a well-known Dutch feminist and politician in the 1970s.
Robine Tanya van der Meer is a Dutch actress and model. She is best known as Meike Griffioen in Goede tijden, slechte tijden and for hosting the TV-show Model in 1 dag.
Agneta Wilhelmina Johanna van Marken-Matthes was a Dutch entrepreneur. She and her husband Jacques van Marken were involved in the manufacture of yeast throughout their lives, and were engaged in the cooperative movement, taking care of their workers. Matthes and Van Marken created living quarters for workers in her hometown, Delft in South Holland, named Agnetapark after her. These are considered a model for the cooperative development and construction of garden cities for workers. Matthes founded and ran a Delft perfume factory, Maison Neuve, to take advantage of a by-product from the yeast factory.
Maria Wilhelmina Hendrika "Mietje" Hoitsema (1847–1934) was a Dutch feminist.
Elisabeth Wilhelmina Johanna (Betty) Couperus-Baud, was a Dutch translator. She was the wife of the Dutch writer Louis Couperus (1863–1923).
Frederik Willem Grosheide was a Dutch New Testament scholar. He served as Professor of New Testament at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
The Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht was a women's rights organization active in the Netherlands from 1894 to 1919. It was devoted to women's suffrage. It was the main women's suffrage movement in the Netherlands. The Vereeniging changed its name in 1919 and would fuse with another association in 1930 and again in 1949 and still exists today.
Christina Elizabeth (Betsy) Perk, was a Dutch author of novels and plays, and a pioneer of the Dutch women's movement, who wrote under the pen names Philemon, Liesbeth van Altena, and Spirito. She is known as the founding member of the Algemeene Nederlandsche Vrouwenvereeniging Arbeid Adelt in 1871, the women's magazine Onze Roeping, and the weekly magazine for women Ons Streven in 1869, the latter publication being the country's first women's periodical. In later years, her influence and activism diminished due to poor health, and she mainly focused on writing historical novels. From 1880 to 1890, she lived in Belgium. She is buried at the cemetery Rustoord in Nijmegen.
Willemijn Posthumus-van der Goot was a Dutch economist, feminist and radio broadcaster. As the first woman to attain a doctorate in economics in The Netherlands, her work focused on the impact of working women on the economy. Recognizing that there were few sources, she joined with other feminists to create the International Archives for the Women's Movement in 1935. Writing reports on women's work, she refuted government claims that women working outside the home was of no benefit. First proposed in 1939, the Household Council, which she saw as an organization to foster training and organize domestic laborers was instituted in 1950. She founded the International Association of Women in Radio, as an organization for professional development and networking in 1949. As a peace activist, she was involved in the promotion of pacifism and believing women had unique qualities for solving world problems, she established the International Scientific Institute for Feminine Interpretation. In 1982, in recognition of her significant contributions to the Dutch Women's Movement, Posthumus-van der Goot was appointed as an officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau. In 2008, she, her husband and sister, were honoured as Righteous Among the Nations by the government of Israel, for their fostering children during the Dutch occupation by the Nazis.
Omroep Zeeland is a public broadcaster located in Zeeland, Netherlands. Founded in 1988, the media organization is active in television, radio, and internet. The audience is on average slightly older than that of the other Dutch regional broadcasters.
Wilhelmina Carolina Benjamina "Carry" Pothuis-Smit was a politician and feminist in the Netherlands. She was the first woman elected to the Senate of the Netherlands on 23 March 1920.
Anna Maria van Gogh-Kaulbach was a Dutch writer and translator. She published a number of works under the pen names Wilhelmina Reynbach, Erna, Mac Peter and Wata.
Countess Anne Philippine Madeleine van Heerdt tot Eversberg-Quarles van Ufford was a Dutch feminist, artist, and peace activist. She was involved, among other things, as a board member of the Dutch Association for Women's Suffrage and as acting president of the World Union of Women for International Peace.
Estella Dorothea Salomea Hijmans-Hertzveld was a Dutch poet, translator, and activist. From a young age, her poems, mainly on Biblical and historical themes, appeared regularly in respectable literary journals. Frequently, her work also addressed contemporary social issues, including the abolition of slavery, Jewish emancipation, and opposition to war. A collection of her best-known poems, entitled Gedichten ('Poems'), was published several weeks before her death in 1881.
Jkvr. Cécile Wilhelmina Elisabeth Jeanne Petronella de Jong van Beek en Donk was a Dutch feminist writer.
Emilie Maria Claeys was a Belgian feminist and socialist.
Nancy Sophie Cornélie "Corry" Tendeloo was a Dutch lawyer, feminist and politician. She sat in the House of Representatives for the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) from 1945 until 1946 and then for the newly-formed Labour Party (PvdA) until her death in 1956.
Soekaesih was a Communist Party of Indonesia activist known for being one of only a handful of female political prisoners exiled by the Netherlands government to Boven-Digoel concentration camp. After being released she traveled to the Netherlands in the late 1930s and campaigned for the camp to be shut down.