William Cresswell (Tichborne case)

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William Cresswell (c. 1829  – 12 December 1904), [n 1] was an inmate of the Parramatta Lunatic Asylum, in New South Wales who was considered as a claimant in the Tichborne case.

Cumberland Hospital is a public psychiatric hospital located in Westmead, in Sydney's west. Along with Bungarribee House, Blacktown Hospital it serves the mental health needs of Western Sydney. As a public hospital it is part of Sydney West Area Health Service (SWAHS).

New South Wales State of Australia

New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west. Its coast borders the Tasman Sea to the east. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state. New South Wales' state capital is Sydney, which is also Australia's most populous city. In September 2018, the population of New South Wales was over 8 million, making it Australia's most populous state. Just under two-thirds of the state's population, 5.1 million, live in the Greater Sydney area. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen.

Tichborne case Legal case that captivated Victorian England in the 1860s and 1870s

The Tichborne case was a legal cause célèbre that captivated Victorian England in the 1860s and 1870s. It concerned the claims by a man sometimes referred to as Thomas Castro or as Arthur Orton, but usually termed "the Claimant", to be the missing heir to the Tichborne baronetcy. He failed to convince the courts, was convicted of perjury and served a long prison sentence.

Contents

The first mentions

The first public mentions of William Cresswell in relation to the Tichborne case appear in news reports from 1871. Arthur Orton was said to have associated 'with a man well known in the Queanbeyan district' under that name, and that 'the last that was heard of him is that he was sent... to the Gladesville Hospital as a dangerous lunatic'. Further, 'It was said there was always something mysterious about Cresswell, and even his wife was not acquainted with his previous history'. [3]

Arthur Orton Australian imposter

Arthur Orton, the son of a London butcher, went to sea as a boy, spent a year in Chile, and worked as a butcher and stockman for squatters in Australia in the middle-to-late 1850s. He has generally been identified by legal historians and commentators as the "Tichborne Claimant", who in two celebrated court cases both fascinated and shocked Victorian society in the 1860s and 1870s.

In April 1884, Daniel Smith 'agent for the Tichborne Release association' was reported to have tried to secure the release of William Cresswell from the Paramatta Lunatic Asylum 'in order to take him to England under the supposition that he is the very identical Arthur Orton'. [4] In later reports it emerged that Cresswell was being promoted not as Arthur Orton, but as Tichborne himself:

"This person is stated to have a cut over the eye-brow, received on the Pauline from an albatross, mark of a fishhook through the eyelid, indenture in the back of the head, and to correspond in age and height to the real Sir Roger Tichbourne. The person is further described as a Roman Catholic, and has a sacred relic in his possession when admitted. He has a peculiar twitching of the eye- brows, odd ears, speaks French, repeatedly talks of his estates in Hampshire and Dorsetshire." [5]
19th century map showing squatting runs in Gippsland where Cresswell is said to have known Arthur Orton. RobertDixonGippsland.jpg
19th century map showing squatting runs in Gippsland where Cresswell is said to have known Arthur Orton.

Cresswell's candidacy was advanced by Sydney lawyer Edward Priestman acting for Rev. Edward Williams, 'a Catholic priest of Sydenmouth, Devonshire (England)'. [6] Priestman found early support in a Victorian Member of Parliament, J.H. Graves, who knew of a detailed story of how Orton and Tichborne (Cresswell) had first met when both working on Gippsland squatting runs. [7] Another source, 'an old resident' Richard Bennison, a Gippsland hotelier, confirmed some of Graves' story in 1895, as he recalled Orton and 'George Smith' newly arrived from Tasmania (and still had hotel records of their visit) and that, around the time Orton assumed the alias Tom Castro, Bennison encountered Smith again, who gave his name as William Cresswell. [8]

In 1897, permission was sought from the Supreme Court to examine Cresswell to determine if 'marks on his body' matched Tichborne's. [9] The process was thorough and:

"Creswell appeared more intelligent than on the previous occasions when he was examined, and did everything he was requested without the slightest demur, though he showed no emotion and did not express any desire to know the reason for the examination. Photographs were taken of him in eight or nine different positions, and he submitted to the ordeal with perfect quietness and indifference." [10]

While the evidence was not entirely conclusive, a news report of the time noted that 'Where the famous tattoo mark was, on the left forearm, there is a scar, consistent with theory that it was destroyed by searing'. [10]

1898 Royal Commission

The following year, at a Royal Commission 'appointed with reference to the identity of William Cresswell', a witness Bridget Wivas said that while she was a servant at a house in Woollahra, Sydney, a male servant employed there resembled Tichborne, in marks, accent, and details he gave of his life, and she believed that man was still in the city. [11] Walter Lee, a labourer, recalled his own encounter with the man he believed to be Tichborne, when he crewed with him on the 'Osprey' between Adelaide and Geelong in 1854. [12] While an attendant at the asylum from 1869–1871 gave testimony that Cresswell had once remarked 'I'm like the Prodigal Son; but I'll never return'. [12]

Cresswell was questioned by the Royal Commission, and was described as a 'grey, robust looking old man'. [13] At times he 'expressed recognition' of people and places, even stamping his feet 'with anger' when he was displeased, but he also 'talked incoherently to himself' during the proceedings. [13] When commissioner Wilkes mention Cresswell's name, Sir Roger Tichborne and Arthur Orton, asking if they were three separate men, Cresswell responded: 'Don't mix my name up with such people'. [13]

Cresswell maintained that he was not Tichborne, [14] and the Commission agreed, [15] with one dissenting opinion, [16] but it did find that he was 'of sufficiently sound mind to warrant his release from the Asylum'. [17]

Aftermath

While the New South Wales Legislative Assembly supported the Commission's call for Cresswell's release, in 1902, during a visit by a journalist, he was still an inmate at the asylum, [18] and he remained there until his death in 1904. [2]

One of those who offered evidence to the Royal Commission into Cresswell's identity, Catholic priest Rev. Father Dunne of Albury, offered a completely different suggestion. [12] He repeated his recollections, first made public in 1895, that he had given the last rites to Sir Roger Tichborne in Geelong, Victoria, in 1854. [19]

Notes

  1. ↑ Cresswell was described as 'nearly 71 years of age' in 1899. [1] He died in 1904. [2]

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References

  1. ↑ "THE TICHBORNE CASE". Windsor and Richmond Gazette . NSW: National Library of Australia. 28 October 1899. p. 9. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 "DEATH OF A TICHBORNE CLAIMANT". Kalgoorlie Miner . WA: National Library of Australia. 13 December 1904. p. 5. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  3. ↑ "[No heading]". The Argus . Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 2 October 1871. p. 5. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  4. ↑ "Orton-Tichborne Evidence". Australian Town and Country Journal . NSW: National Library of Australia. 12 April 1884. p. 23. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  5. ↑ "SIR ROGER TICHBORNE". Clarence and Richmond Examiner and New England Advertiser . Grafton, NSW: National Library of Australia. 3 December 1889. p. 4. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  6. ↑ "THE COURTS". The Evening News . Sydney: National Library of Australia. 29 April 1897. p. 6. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  7. ↑ "The Tichborne Case". Wagga Wagga Advertiser . NSW: National Library of Australia. 5 January 1895. p. 4. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  8. ↑ "THE TICHBORNE CLAIMANT". Traralgon Record . Traralgon, Vic.: National Library of Australia. 11 January 1895. p. 3 Edition: MORNING. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  9. ↑ "THE TICHBOURNE CASE". The West Australian . Perth: National Library of Australia. 12 November 1897. p. 5. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  10. 1 2 "THE TICHBORNE MYSTERY". The Evening News . Sydney: National Library of Australia. 23 November 1899. p. 4. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  11. ↑ "SIR ROGER TICHBOURNE". Western Mail . Perth: National Library of Australia. 10 February 1900. p. 44. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 "THE TICHBORNE-CRESSWELL MYSTERY". The Evening News . Sydney: National Library of Australia. 21 February 1900. p. 8. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 "THE TICHBORNE COMMISSION". The Chronicle . Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 17 February 1900. p. 29. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  14. ↑ "ARE YOU SIR ROGER? NO!". Clarence and Richmond Examiner . Grafton, NSW: National Library of Australia. 24 February 1900. p. 5. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  15. ↑ Janet C. Myers (24 September 2009). Antipodal England: Emigration and Portable Domesticity in the Victorian Imagination. SUNY Press. p. 111. ISBN   978-1-4384-2718-8.
  16. ↑ "THE CRESSWELL-TICHBORNE CASE". The Sunday Times . Sydney: National Library of Australia. 29 April 1900. p. 8. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  17. ↑ "To-Day's Telegrams". The Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal . NSW: National Library of Australia. 26 April 1900. p. 2. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  18. ↑ "William Cresswell supposed to be Tichborne". The Northern Star . Lismore, NSW: National Library of Australia. 18 June 1902. p. 3. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  19. ↑ "The Tichborne Claimant". Wagga Wagga Advertiser . NSW: National Library of Australia. 3 January 1895. p. 2. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
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