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Germantown is an area in Northwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded by Palatine, Quaker, and Mennonite families in 1683 as an independent borough, it was absorbed into Philadelphia in 1854. The area, which is about six miles northwest from the city center, now consists of two neighborhoods: 'Germantown' and 'East Germantown'.
The Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL) is a national nonprofit, nonpartisan Quaker organization. As a 501(c)(4) advocacy organization, FCNL and its network lobby Congress and the administration to promote peace, justice, and environmental stewardship. It was founded in 1943 by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).
Elias Hicks was a traveling Quaker minister from Long Island, New York. In his ministry he promoted doctrines deemed unorthodox by many which led to lasting controversy, and caused the second major schism within the Religious Society of Friends. Elias Hicks was the older cousin of the painter Edward Hicks.
Anthony Benezet was a French-born American abolitionist and teacher who was active in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A prominent member of the abolitionist movement in North America, Benezet founded one of the world's first anti-slavery societies, the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage. He also founded the first public school for girls in North America and the Negro School at Philadelphia, which operated into the nineteenth century. Benezet advocated for kind treatment of animals, racial equality and universal love.
The Religious Society of Friends began as a proto-evangelical Christian movement in England in the mid-17th century in Ulverston. Members are informally known as Quakers, as they were said "to tremble in the way of the Lord". The movement in its early days faced strong opposition and persecution, but it continued to expand across the British Isles and then in the Americas and Africa.
The Church of Spiritual Technology (CST) is a California 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation, incorporated in 1982, which owns all the copyrights of the estate of L. Ron Hubbard and licenses their use. CST does business as L. Ron Hubbard Library. The Church of Spiritual Technology points to Hubbard as the “focal point,” with the structure designed to realize what Scientologists understand to be his vision. The stated purpose of the archive in CST, according to the church is “so that future generations will have available to them all of L. Ron Hubbard’s technology in its exact and original form, no matter what happens to the society.”
Dr. Randall Caroline Forsberg led a lifetime of research and advocacy on ways to reduce the risk of war, minimize the burden of military spending, and promote democratic institutions. Her career started at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in 1968. In 1974 she moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to found the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies (IDDS) as well as to launch the national Nuclear Freeze campaign.
John Marks Templeton Jr., also known as Jack Templeton, was an American physician. The elder son of Judith Templeton and investor, businessman and philanthropist Sir John Templeton, Jack Templeton served as the Chairman and President of the John Templeton Foundation.
Francis Daniel Pastorius was a German-born educator, lawyer, poet, and public official. He was the founder of Germantown, Pennsylvania, now part of Philadelphia, the first permanent German-American settlement and the gateway for subsequent emigrants from Germany.
The Religious Society of Friends, better known as the Quakers, played a major role in the abolition movement against slavery in both the United Kingdom and in the United States. Quakers were among the first white people to denounce slavery in the American colonies and Europe, and the Society of Friends became the first organization to take a collective stand against both slavery and the slave trade, later spearheading the international and ecumenical campaigns against slavery.
The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was the first protest against enslavement of Africans made by a religious body in the Thirteen Colonies. Francis Daniel Pastorius authored the petition; he and the three other Quakers living in Germantown, Pennsylvania, Garret Hendericks, Derick op den Graeff, and Abraham op den Graeff, signed it on behalf of the Germantown Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. Clearly a highly controversial document, Friends forwarded it up the hierarchical chain of their administrative structure—monthly, quarterly, and yearly meetings—without either approving or rejecting it. The petition effectively disappeared for 150 years into Philadelphia Yearly Meeting's capacious archives; but upon rediscovery in 1844 by Philadelphia antiquarian Nathan Kite, latter-day abolitionists published it in 1844 in The Friend, in support of their anti-slavery agitation.
George Willoughby was a Quaker activist who advocated for world peace, and conducted nonviolent protests against war and preparations for war.
Gordon Randall Kehler was an American pacifist, tax resister, and social justice advocate. Kehler objected to America's involvement in the Vietnam War and refused to cooperate with the draft. He, along with his wife Betsy Corner, stopped paying federal income taxes in protest of war and military spending, a decision that led to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) seizing their house in 1989.
Christianity was introduced with the first European settlers beginning in the 16th and 17th centuries. Colonists from Northern Europe introduced Protestantism in its Anglican and Reformed forms to Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony, New Netherland, Virginia Colony, and Carolina Colony. The first arrivals were adherents to Anglicanism, Congregationalism, Presbyterianism, Methodism, the Baptist Church, Calvinism, Lutheranism, Quakerism, Anabaptism and the Moravian Church from British, German, Dutch, and Nordic stock. America began as a significant Protestant majority nation. Significant minorities of Roman Catholics and Jews did not arise until the period between 1880 and 1910.
Op den Graeff is a German and American family of Dutch origin. They were one of the first families of the Mennonite faith in Krefeld at the beginning of the 17th century. Various family members belonged to Original 13, the first organized immigration of a closed group of Germans to America in 1683. There the family had a long history in religious service and politics, beginning in the late 17th century in the Colony of Pennsylvania. In 1688, they became forerunners of the anti-slavery movement by signing the first anti-slavery protest in North America. Their descendants spread into various lines, Updegraff, Uptegraft, Updegraft, Updegrave, Updegrove, Uptegrove, Ubdegrove, Uptegraph, Upthagrove. The Updegraff branch of Ohio belonged to the leading families of the Quaker religious movement and produced a long line of ministers and elders.
The Metanexus Institute is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1997 to explore scientific and philosophical questions. The institute has organized the exchange of ideas through conferences, and published books.
The 1892 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1892 college football season. The Quakers finished with a 15–1 record in their first year under head coach and College Football Hall of Fame inductee, George Washington Woodruff. Significant games included victories over Penn State (20–0), Navy (16–0), Lafayette, and Princeton (6–4), and its sole loss to undefeated national champion Yale (28–0). The 1892 Penn team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 405 to 52. Penn halfback Harry Thayer was selected by both Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney as a first-team player on the 1892 College Football All-America Team.
The Nuclear Freeze campaign was a mass movement in the United States during the 1980s to secure an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet governments to halt the testing, production, and deployment of nuclear weapons.
The John Templeton Foundation is a philanthropic organization that reflects the ideas of its founder, John Templeton. Templeton became wealthy as a contrarian investor, and wanted to support progress in religious and spiritual knowledge, especially at the intersection of religion and science. He also sought to fund research on methods to promote and develop moral character, intelligence, and creativity in people, and to promote free markets. In 2008, the foundation was awarded the National Humanities Medal. In 2016, Inside Philanthropy called it "the oddest—or most interesting—big foundation around."
Thones Dennis Kunders was an early settler of colonial Pennsylvania.
References
- 1 2 William Robbins (June 9, 1982). "KROL ASSESSES POSITION IN DISARMAMENT MOVEMENT". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
William Grassie ... a Philadelphia Quaker .. a director of the Pennsylvania Campaign for a Nuclear Weapons Freeze...
- ↑ David O'Reilly (February 19, 1996). "Looking For The Tao In Science Classrooms The Templeton Foundation Gives Grants To Colleges With Ideas. Several In The Area Were Recipients". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
...lecturer William Grassie's portable computer can flash color images of living cells and space shots of Earth ...
- Ursula Goodenough; William Grassie (June 2, 2006). "Teaching science as a rich narrative Presenting key facts that are not connected makes eyes glaze over. Try this new approach". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved August 27, 2013....One conclusion stands out: Ten years of reform efforts have not (yet) had a measurable impact ...
- 1 2 3 David O'Reilly (February 18, 2002). "Center thinks religion and science can say much to each other". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
... William Grassie, Metanexus' executive director and vice president, ...
- ↑ Tom Infield (March 26, 1982). "A New Breed is Battling Arms Race". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ↑ William Robbins (June 12, 1982). "A cardinal's campaign for disarmament". The Windsor Star. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
- Jane Eisner (September 23, 1982). "A Drive for Support of the Nuclear Freeze". The Philadelphia Inquirer. - ↑ William Grassie (May 3, 2012). "Religious Liberties and Moral Ambiguities - The Cases of Contraception and War Resistance". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
- Joseph A. Slobodzian (August 19, 1988). "IRS Sues Phila. Quakers Over Tax Protest". The Philadelphia Inquirer. - ↑ Jim Smith (December 21, 1990). "Quakers Lose Suit On Taxes". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
... The ruling stemmed from two civil cases filed in 1988 by the IRS against the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, the area's 13,000-member Quaker organization.
- ↑ Rich Henson (April 24, 1988). "Germantown Parades for Justice". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ↑ Jan Gehorsan (March 15, 1998). "Ill-Fated Anti-Slavery Document Focus of Week's Activities". Associated Press. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
"You could call it a failure," since slavery continued for nearly two more centuries, said the event's coordinator, William Grassie.
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