William K. Scarborough | |
---|---|
Born | [1] | January 17, 1933
Died | May 17, 2020 87) [2] | (aged
Known for | Massive Resistance |
Spouse | Patricia Carruthers Scarborough |
Academic background | |
Education | University of North Carolina (B.A 1954) [3] Cornell University (MA) University of North Carolina (PhD 1962) [4] |
Academic work | |
Discipline | History |
Sub-discipline | American South |
Institutions | University of Southern Mississippi 1964-2009 |
William Kauffman Scarborough (January 17,1933 - May 17,2020) was a professor emeritus of history at the University of Southern Mississippi. He was the Charles W. Moorman Distinguished Alumni Professor in the Humanities from 1996 to 1998.
He was an outspoken opponent of school integration and supporter of massive resistance,believing white people to be the "superior race" and black people to be "genetically inferior." [4] He was a member of the Citizens' Councils. [5]
Scarborough was a featured interviewee in the Stanley Nelson Jr. film Freedom Summer . [5] Scarborough spoke at the Citadel on the subject of the secession of South Carolina. [6]
Scarborough was born in Baltimore,Maryland to James Blaine Scarborough and Julia Irene Scarborough (née Kauffman). His mother,a nurse,served with the American Expeditionary Force in France during World War I. His father earned a Ph.D. in mathematics at Johns Hopkins University in 1923 and served for three decades as a professor at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis,Maryland. The elder Scarborough published Numerical Mathematical Analysis (1930),a book considered fundamental to the development of computers in the 1940s. [7]
Scarborough earned his B.A at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1954,and soon after,he married Patricia Estelle Carruthers. Together,they had two children. Having received an officer's commission via the Navy ROTC,he served from 1954 to 1956 as a gunnery officer on the USS New Jersey (BB-62). [3] He earned his M.A. at Cornell and completed his doctorate under Fletcher Melvin Green at the University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill in 1962.
Between 1961 and 1963,he taught at Millsaps College in Jackson,Mississippi. Because he stridently supported Governor Ross Barnett and vocally criticized administrators at the college,the college chose not to renew his employment contract. Beginning in Fall 1963,he taught for a year at Northeast Louisiana University before accepting an appointment the following Fall at Southern Miss where he remained until his retirement.
The records of his work,27 feet and 8500 documents,including materials associated with the Citizens' Councils,are archived at the University of North Carolina libraries. [8]
Scarborough died in May 2020. [9]
The Confederate States Army,also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army,was the military land force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1861–1865),fighting against the United States forces to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold and expand the institution of slavery. On February 28,1861,the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president,Jefferson Davis. Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy,and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican–American War. He had also been a United States senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. On March 1,1861,on behalf of the Confederate government,Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston,South Carolina,where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor,held by a small U.S. Army garrison. By March 1861,the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army.
In American history,the Fire-Eaters were a group of pro-slavery Democrats in the antebellum South who urged the separation of Southern states into a new nation,which became the Confederate States of America. The dean of the group was Robert Rhett of South Carolina. Some sought to revive America's participation in the Atlantic slave trade,which had been illegal since 1808.
Robert Barnwell Rhett was an American politician who served as a deputy from South Carolina to the Provisional Confederate States Congress from 1861 to 1862,a member of the US House of Representatives from South Carolina from 1837 to 1849,and US Senator from South Carolina from 1850 to 1852. As a staunch supporter of slavery and an early advocate of secession,he was a "Fire-Eater",nicknamed the "father of secession".
Edmund Ruffin III was a wealthy Virginia planter who served in the Virginia Senate from 1823 to 1827. In the last three decades before the American Civil War,his pro-slavery writings received more attention than his agricultural work. Ruffin,a slaveholder,staunchly advocated states' rights and slavery,arguing for secession years before the Civil War,and became a political activist with the so-called Fire-Eaters. Ruffin is given credit for "firing the first shot of the war" at the Battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861 and fought as a Confederate soldier despite his advanced age. When the war ended in Southern defeat in 1865,he committed suicide rather than submit to "Yankee rule."
Robert Francis Withers Allston was the 67th Governor of South Carolina. He was born in Waccamaw,South Carolina.
James Chesnut Jr. was an American lawyer and politician,and a Confederate functionary.
James Henry Hammond was an American attorney,politician,and planter. He served as a United States representative from 1835 to 1836,the 60th Governor of South Carolina from 1842 to 1844,and a United States senator from 1857 to 1860. A slave owner,he is considered one of the strongest supporters of slavery in the years before the American Civil War.
Mississippi was the second southern state to declare its secession from the United States,doing so on January 9,1861. It joined with six other southern states to form the Confederacy on February 4,1861. Mississippi's location along the lengthy Mississippi River made it strategically important to both the Union and the Confederacy;dozens of battles were fought in the state as armies repeatedly clashed near key towns and transportation nodes.
South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in December 1860,and was one of the founding member states of the Confederacy in February 1861. The bombardment of the beleaguered U.S. garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April 12,1861,is generally recognized as the first military engagement of the war. The retaking of Charleston in February 1865,and raising the flag again at Fort Sumter,was used for the Union symbol of victory.
Zebulon York was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was among a small group of Northern-born Confederate generals.
In the United States,Southern Unionists were white Southerners living in the Confederate States of America opposed to secession. Many fought for the Union during the Civil War. These people are also referred to as Southern Loyalists,Union Loyalists,or Lincoln's Loyalists. Pro-Confederates in the South derided them as "Tories". During Reconstruction,these terms were replaced by "scalawag",which covered all Southern whites who supported the Republican Party.
The Edmund Ruffin Plantation,also known as Marlbourne,is a U.S. National Historic Landmark in Hanover County,Virginia,11 miles (18 km) northeast of Richmond.
Submissionist was a derogatory term used by Southern secessionists in the year preceding the American Civil War to describe Southerners who wanted to preserve the Union. Before 1861,Southerners loyal to the Union were generally respected as principled idealists. As Southern states began to actually secede,however,those who had seceded viewed Southerners who remained Unionists as cowardly and lacking the strength to stand up for their own rights. Following the Secession Crisis,popular sentiment in the Deep South held that the North was unwilling to compromise with the South. The Deep South would rather secede from the Union than relinquish sovereignty. Consequently,"submissionist" was a derogatory name for a Southerner who would seemingly relinquish sovereignty in order to remain in the Union.
Stephen Duncan was an American planter and banker in Mississippi. He was born and studied medicine in Pennsylvania,but moved to Natchez District,Mississippi Territory in 1808 and became the wealthiest cotton planter and the second-largest slave owner in the United States with over 2,200 slaves. He owned 15 cotton and sugar plantations,served as President of the Bank of Mississippi,and held major investments in railroads and lumber.
John Carmichael Jenkins (1809–1855) was an American plantation owner,medical doctor and horticulturalist in the Antebellum South.
Captain William J. Minor was an American planter,slave owner,and banker in the antebellum South. Educated in Philadelphia,he lived at the Concord plantation in Natchez,Mississippi,and served as the second President of the Agricultural Bank. He was the owner of three large sugar plantations in Louisiana and supported the Union during the Civil War for the stability of the sugar trade.
Colonel Van Perkins Winder was an American sugar planter in the Antebellum South.
Kate Stone,was an American diarist and community leader. She was the daughter of a wealthy cotton farmer and slaveholder in the Southern United States. She is remembered in American history and literature for her diary,Brokenburn:The Journal of Kate Stone,1861-1865,edited by John Q. Anderson,which she kept during the time of the American Civil War,printed in 1955,which she kept continuously from May 1861 to November 1865;shorter supplements date from 1867 and 1868. Stone died in 1907.
Alexander King Farrar (1814–1878) was a state senator,lawyer,plantation owner,and secession convention delegate in Mississippi.
William Newton Mercer was a surgeon and prominent civic leader in New Orleans during the nineteenth century. His residence later became the headquarters of the Boston Club,which has been associated with the history of business and Carnival in New Orleans.