William A. Link | |
---|---|
Born | United States |
Nationality | American |
Occupation(s) | Historian, academic and author |
Academic background | |
Education | B.A., History M.A. American History PhD American History |
Alma mater | Davidson College University of Virginia |
Academic work | |
Institutions | University of Florida |
William A. Link is an American historian,academic and author. He is a Richard J. Milbauer Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Florida. [1]
Link is most known for his works on the history of the American South. Among his sole-authored works are his publications in academic journals,including the Journal of Southern History , [2] as well as books such as A Hard Country and a Lonely Place:Schooling,Society and Reform in Rural Virginia (1986), [3] The Paradox of Southern Progressivism (1992),Southern Crucible:The Making of the American South (2015) [4] and The Last Fire-Eater:Roger A. Pryor and the Search for a Southern Identity (2022). [5]
Link earned his B.A. in History from Davidson College in 1976,subsequently completing an M.A. in American History at the University of Virginia in 1979. He then pursued his PhD in American History at the same institution,completing it in 1981. [1]
At the University of North Carolina at Greensboro,he initially served as an assistant professor of history from 1981 to 1986,followed by appointments as an associate professor (1986 to 1992),and subsequently professor of history (1993–1999) and Lucy Spinks Keker Excellence Professor (1999–2004). Concurrently,he held positions as associate dean of UNCG's College of Arts and Sciences (1995–1998) and head of the Department of History (1998–2004). Moreover,between 2004 and 2022,he held the position of Richard J. Milbauer Professor of History at the University of Florida. [1]
Link has authored various books throughout his career. In 1986,he authored A Hard Country and a Lonely Place:Schooling,Society,and Reform in Rural Virginia. The book examined the transformation of Virginia's rural schools between 1870 and 1920,emphasizing the impact of localism on education expansion initially,and later,the clash between urban reformers and local communities,resulting in significant changes in governance,curriculum,and the imposition of segregated pedagogy. [3] His 1993 book The Paradox of Southern Progressivism,1880–1930 explored the cultural conflicts between social reformers and rural communities in the American South during the Progressive Era,highlighting how differing values and approaches ultimately hindered the success of progressive reforms. [6] Through his 2003 book Roots of Secession:Slavery and Politics in Antebellum Virginia he offered a fresh perspective on the politics of secession in antebellum Virginia,highlighting the significant role of African Americans,both enslaved and free,in shaping the state's political landscape and contributing to the onset of the Civil War. [7]
Link,in his book North Carolina:Change and Tradition in Southern State (2009;2nd edition,2018) provided a comprehensive exploration of North Carolina's history,tracing its evolution from pre-contact times to the 2008 elections,highlighting the interplay between traditionalism,class,race,gender dynamics,and modernization,offering insight into the state's past and future. [8] The book was reviewed by L. Scott Philyaw,who is a faculty member at Western Carolina University. In his review of the book,he said "Bill Link has written a valuable contribution for college-level classes in North Carolina history. His well-written text is balanced in terms of chronology and topic selection. North Carolina:Change and Tradition in a Southern State is a significant and welcome addition to current North Carolina history texts". His 2013 book Atlanta,Cradle of the New South:Race and Remembering in the Civil War's Aftermath explored the significance of the Civil War and its aftermath,focusing on Atlanta as a pivotal city where the destruction,rebuilding,and struggles for power and identity shaped the transition from the Old South to the New South for both white and African American populations. [4]
In his 2015 publication Southern Crucible:The Making of the American South,Link examined the American South's history,presenting a balanced narrative of its social,political,cultural,and economic evolution over four centuries. His later work included a biography exploring the multifaceted life of Roger A. Pryor,a prominent figure in the American South whose journey from fervent secessionist to post-war reconciler reflects the broader transformations of the region during the 19th century. [9] The book was reviewed by Brianna Frakes,who said "In The Last Fire-Eater,renowned historian William A. Link brings readers into the world of Roger A. Pryor,a man whose life Link argues is emblematic of the American South's transformation during the Civil War era." She further commended the book for focusing significantly on how Pryor had to adapt to the profound transformations brought about by the Civil War and its aftermath,despite not being a comprehensive biography of his entire life. [10] In addition to books,he has authored a variety of publications,encompassing book reviews and articles. [2]
The Confederate States of America (CSA),commonly referred to as the Confederate States (C.S.),the Confederacy,or the South,was an unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United States that existed from February 8,1861,to May 9,1865. The Confederacy was composed of eleven U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. The states were South Carolina,Mississippi,Florida,Alabama,Georgia,Louisiana,Texas,Virginia,Arkansas,Tennessee,and North Carolina.
The origins of the American Civil War are rooted in the desire of the Southern states to preserve the institution of slavery. Historians in the 21st century overwhelmingly agree on the centrality of slavery in the conflict. They disagree on which aspects were most important,and on the North's reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. The pseudo-historical Lost Cause ideology denies that slavery was the principal cause of the secession,a view disproven by historical evidence,notably some of the seceding states' own secession documents. After leaving the Union,Mississippi issued a declaration stating,"Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world."
The Progressive Era (1901–1929) was a period in the United States during the early 20th century of widespread social activism and political reform across the country. Progressives sought to address the problems caused by rapid industrialization,urbanization,immigration,and political corruption as well as the enormous concentration of industrial ownership in monopolies. Progressive reformers were alarmed by the spread of slums,poverty,and the exploitation of labor. Multiple overlapping progressive movements fought perceived social,political,and economic ills by advancing democracy,scientific methods,and professionalism;regulating business;protecting the natural environment;and improving working and living conditions of the urban poor.
Geographically,the U.S. states known as the Old South are those in the Southern United States that were among the original Thirteen Colonies. The region term is differentiated from the Deep South and Upper South.
The League of the South (LS) is an American white nationalist,neo-Confederate,white supremacist organization that says its goal is "a free and independent Southern republic".
William Gilmore Simms was a poet,novelist,politician and historian from the American South. His writings achieved great prominence during the 19th century,with Edgar Allan Poe pronouncing him the best novelist America had ever produced. He is still known among literary scholars as a major force in antebellum Southern literature. He is also remembered for his strong support of slavery and for his opposition to Uncle Tom's Cabin,in response to which he wrote reviews and the pro-slavery novel The Sword and the Distaff (1854). During his literary career he served as editor of several journals and newspapers and he also served in the South Carolina House of Representatives.
In American history,the Fire-Eaters were a group of pro-slavery Democrats in the antebellum South who urged the separation of Southern states into a new nation,which became the Confederate States of America. The dean of the group was Robert Rhett of South Carolina. Some sought to revive America's participation in the Atlantic slave trade,which had been illegal since 1808.
In the British colonies in North America and in the United States before the abolition of slavery in 1865,free Negro or free Black described the legal status of African Americans who were not enslaved. The term was applied both to formerly enslaved people (freedmen) and to those who had been born free,whether of African or mixed descent.
Roger Atkinson Pryor was a Virginian newspaper editor and politician who became known for his fiery oratory in favor of secession;he was elected both to national and Confederate office,and served as a general for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. In 1865 he moved to New York City to remake his life,and in 1868 brought his family north. He was among a number of influential southerners in the North who became known as "Confederate carpetbaggers."
Southern United States literature consists of American literature written about the Southern United States or by writers from the region. Literature written about the American South first began during the colonial era,and developed significantly during and after the period of slavery in the United States. Traditional historiography of Southern United States literature emphasized a unifying history of the region;the significance of family in the South's culture,a sense of community and the role of the individual,justice,the dominance of Christianity and the positive and negative impacts of religion,racial tensions,social class and the usage of local dialects. However,in recent decades,the scholarship of the New Southern Studies has decentralized these conventional tropes in favor of a more geographically,politically,and ideologically expansive "South" or "Souths".
William Porcher Miles was an American politician who was among the ardent states' rights advocates,supporters of slavery,and Southern secessionists who came to be known as the "Fire-Eaters." He is notable for having designed the most popular variant of the Confederate flag,originally rejected as the national flag in 1861 but adopted as a battle flag by the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee before it was reincorporated.
Ulrich Bonnell Phillips was an American historian who largely defined the field of the social and economic studies of the history of the Antebellum South and slavery in the U.S. Phillips concentrated on the large plantations that dominated the Southern economy,and he did not investigate the numerous small farmers who held few slaves. He concluded that plantation slavery produced great wealth,but was a dead end,economically,that left the South bypassed by the industrial revolution underway in the North.
The culture of the Southern United States,Southern culture,or Southern heritage,is a subculture of the United States. From its many cultural influences,the South developed its own unique customs,dialects,arts,literature,cuisine,dance,and music. The combination of its unique history and the fact that many Southerners maintain—and even nurture—an identity separate from the rest of the country has led to it being one of the most studied and written-about regions of the United States.
The history of North Carolina from pre-colonial history to the present,covers the experiences of the people who have lived within the territory that now comprises the U.S. state of North Carolina.
A bibliography of the history of education in the United States comprises tens of thousands of books,articles and dissertations. This is a highly selected guide to the most useful studies.
In the United States,Southern Unionists were white Southerners living in the Confederate States of America opposed to secession. Many fought for the Union during the Civil War. These people are also referred to as Southern Loyalists,Union Loyalists,or Lincoln's Loyalists. Pro-Confederates in the South derided them as "Tories". During Reconstruction,these terms were replaced by "scalawag",which covered all Southern whites who supported the Republican Party.
Bertram Wyatt-Brown was a noted historian of the Southern United States. He was the Richard J. Milbauer Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida,where he taught from 1983 to 2004;he also taught at Case Western University for nearly two decades. He studied the role of honor in southern society,in all classes,and wrote a family study of the Percy Family,including twentieth-century authors William Alexander Percy and Walker Percy.
Sara Agnes Rice Pryor,born Sara Agnes Rice,was an American writer and community activist in New York City. Born and reared in Virginia,she moved North after the American Civil War with her husband and family to rebuild their life. He was a former politician and Confederate general;together they became influential in New York society,which included numerous "Confederate carpetbaggers" after the war. After settling in New York,she and her husband both later renounced the Confederacy.
Jews have inhabited the Southern United States since the late 1600s and have contributed to the vibrant cultural and historical legacy of the South in many ways. Although the United States' Jewish population is more often thought to be concentrated in Northern cities,such as New York,thousands of Jewish immigrants chose to settle in the more rural Southern United States forming tight-knit religious communities and creating a unique cultural identity. Jewish immigrants came to the South from various countries,backgrounds and religious traditions within Judaism. Major Jewish communities include Memphis,Tennessee;Houston,Texas;Savannah,Georgia;Charleston,South Carolina;Charlottesville,Virginia;and Wilmington,North Carolina. Jews participated in many important events in Southern history,such as the Civil War,the World Wars,and the civil rights movement.
History of education in the Southern United States covers the institutions,ideas and leaders of schools and education in the Southern states from colonial times to about the year 2000. It covers all the states and the main gender,racial and ethnic groups.