| Winona Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Paleogene | |
| Type | Formation |
| Unit of | Claiborne Group |
| Underlies | Sparta Formation |
| Overlies | Tallahatta Formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | sand glauconite |
| Other | ironstone |
| Location | |
| Region |  Mississippi |
| Country |  United States |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Winona, Mississippi |
The Winona Formation (also called the Winona Sand or the Winona Greensand [1] ) is a sand geologic formation in Mississippi. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
The Winona Formation was originally described as a member of the Tallahatta Formation or as a member of the Lisbon Formation, both of which are members of the Claiborne Group. [1] [2] It was upgraded to formation status and is considered a separate formation from both by the Mississippi Dept. of Environmental Quality Office of Geology. [2] The Winona formation is a medium to fine grain poorly sorted sand that contains silt, clay, and fossils. It has a high glauconite content, up to 50% in some areas. [2] Fossils, molds, and casts are commonly found in lithified beds, [2] and the fossil assemblage includes bivalves, gastropods, echinoids, shark teeth, crabs, foraminifera, and ostracods. [1] The depositional environment for this formation is considered a shallow-water, near shore marine shelf facies as part of a marine transgression series. [1] [2]
Nalacetus is an extinct pakicetid early whale, fossils of which have been found in Lutetian red beds in Punjab, Pakistan. Nalacetus lived in a fresh water environment, was amphibious, and carnivorous. It was considered monophyletic by Cooper, Thewissen & Hussain 2009. It was said to be wolf-sized and one of the earliest forms of the order Cetacea.
Bahndwivici is an extinct genus of lizard known from a nearly complete and articulated skeleton discovered in rocks of the Green River Formation of Wyoming, United States. The skeleton is very similar to that of the modern Chinese crocodile lizard, Shinisaurus.
The Gravel Point Formation is a geologic formation in western Michigan. It preserves fossils dating back to the middle Devonian period and correlates with the Long Lake Limestone and Alpena Limestone.
The Thunder Bay Limestone is a geologic formation in Michigan. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
The Claiborne Formation or Claiborne Group is a geologic formation in Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, and Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
The Albemarle Group is a geologic group in North Carolina composed of metamorphosed mafic and felsic volcanic rock, sandstone, siltstone, shale, and mudstone. It is considered part of the Carolina Slate Belt and covers several counties in central North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ediacaran period in the Floyd Church member.
The Belgrade Formation is a limestone geologic formation in North Carolina characterized by limestone coquina mixed with sand, and thinly laminated clays. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
The Castle Hayne Limestone is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It consists of cobble to pebble sized clasts, usually rounded, coated with phosphate and glauconite in a limestone matrix. The Castle Hayne Limestone is known for containing fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. It preserves many of North Carolina's renowned Eocene fossils. It is named after the locality of Castle Hayne in New Hanover county, though the formation itself stretches over several counties.
The Patapsco Formation is a geologic formation of varigated clays, sandy clays, and sand in Virginia, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and in the subsurface of New Jersey. It preserves fossils such as plants and molluscs dating back to the Cretaceous period.
The Jackson Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. Exposed only in bluffs along Mississippi River with thickness at least 60 feet. Primary rock type is sand. Secondary rock type is clay or mud. Other rock types include slit and lignite. "Light gray to buff, medium- to very fine-grained silty sand, interbedded with light gray clayey silt." From the Tertiary geological age.
The Alum Bluff Group is a geologic group in the states of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.
The Tallahatta Formation is a geologic formation found on the surface in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi. It is also located in the subsurface of Kentucky. The Tallahatta formation is part of the Claiborne Group and contains four members: the Basic City Shale in Mississippi, the Holy Springs Sand Member in Mississippi, the Meridian Sand Member in Alabama and Mississippi, and the Neshoba Sand Member in Mississippi. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period, specifically the Eocene.
The Hatchetigbee Bluff Formation is a geologic formation in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi. The youngest unit of the Wilcox Group preserves fossils dating back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene period, or Wasatchian in the NALMA classification. The formation is named for Hatchetigbee Bluff on the Tombigbee River, Washington County, Alabama.
The Prairie Bluff Chalk is a geologic formation in Alabama and Mississippi. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
Yazoo Clay is a clay geologic formation in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi. It was named after a bluff along the Yazoo River at Yazoo City, Mississippi It contains is a type of clay known as montmorillonite, making it a poor foundation material due to the fact that moisture causes extreme changes in volume. Sand, pyrite, and marl have all been noted in the formation. It preserves fossils from the Eocene, including the prehistoric cetacean Basilosaurus.
The Weches Formation is a greensand, slay, and shale geologic formation in Louisiana and Eastern Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period, specifically the Eocene.
The White Bluff Formation is a marl, sand, and clay geologic formation in Arkansas that is part of the Jackson Group. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period, specifically the Eocene.
The Virgin Formation is a geologic formation in Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.
The Etchegoin Formation is a Pliocene epoch geologic formation in the lower half of the San Joaquin Valley in central California.
The Boulder Creek Formation is a geologic formation in northeastern British Columbia. It was named for a tributary to Commotion Creek in the Pine Pass area by E.M. Spieker in 1921. At one time considered to be a member of the Commotion Formation, it was elevated to formation status by D.F. Stott in 1982.
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