Wright State University 2019 faculty strike

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The Wright State University 2019 faculty strike was an American strike organized by the Wright State chapter of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) in response to employment conditions imposed by the university. The strike began on January 22, 2019, after nearly two years of failed contract negotiations between the AAUP and the Wright State University administration. The strike ended on February 10, 2019. At a length of twenty days, it was one of the longest faculty strikes in the history of U.S. higher education. University President Cheryl B. Schrader received widespread criticism for her handling of the strike and stepped down from her position as a result.

Contents

Background

Schrader entered the position of President of Wright State on July 1, 2017, after a time of financial and political turmoil at the school. [1] [2] Years of overspending had drained the reserve funds, according to the university's chapter of the American Association of University Professors. [3] [4] The university budget had already been cut by some $30 million by the board of trustees and the interim president before her arrival. [5] [6] According to Schrader, "the bulk of the budget cuts were supposed to have been completed" before she took over, but she faced further financial problems. [7] By the end of her first year, she had implemented close to another $20 million more in cuts while producing a "projected" surplus of some $7 million, the first operating surplus since 2012. [7] This earned her praise in her first annual review. [8] However, controversy arose when the university released a statement implying she had declined to accept an annual raise or bonus, when in fact neither had been offered. [9] The budget modifications did ultimately avoid a state fiscal watch, which had been considered likely in 2017 when she became president. [10]

Schrader's approach to the university budget, as well as her general leadership during the first year were not without criticism. One member of the Wright State University Board of Trustees called her proposed 2019 fiscal year budget "a recipe for disaster." [11] Schrader's strategic plan for the university, [12] [13] which had been specifically requested to be "different than anybody would see at another university," [14] received criticism for being "overly broad" and "generic." [15]

Relations between the administration and faculty, which were already strained by the financial difficulties, [16] deteriorated early in Schrader's presidency. [17] Members of the Wright State Chapter of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) were particularly strident in their criticism of the handling of the budget. In November 2017, the Wright State AAUP chapter president remarked that the relationship with the administration was no longer "cordial." [18] A major issue was the employment contract: the faculty had been working without one since June 2017. [19] The union argued that the austerity measures in the contract being imposed by the administration were harmful to the students and to the educational mission of the institution, [20] [21] and that the faculty was being forced to bear a disproportionate burden of the financial crisis even though it had been brought by the administration. [18] Tensions publicly erupted after a closed-door negotiating session in January 2018 when hundreds of faculty and students marched across campus to an open budget forum hosted by Schrader. [22] More protests followed. At a February demonstration, a professor characterized the budget modifications as a "budget-cutting spree" that protects "extreme salaries and bloat of the upper administration" and "slashes" the core mission of the university. [23] Some students also expressed concern about the impact the cuts would have on their studies. [23]

Contract dispute

Frustration mounted as the university entered the second fiscal year under Schrader's leadership without a faculty contract, even though both the administration and the faculty union acknowledged that the contract dispute was only one of many problems the university was facing. The administration insisted that the austerity measures in the contract were necessary, but the faculty union argued that the employment terms took power from the faculty and gave it to the administration, particularly in the areas of workload and imposed furloughs. Another issue was the right to collective bargaining, specifically, over health care. [21] The faculty union also said that the reduction in benefits would amount to a nine percent pay cut. [24] Talk of a strike, which had begun in January 2017 [25] became more earnest in July. [26] The faculty union maintained it would only strike if the president and board tried to "impose a contract that would damage education at Wright State." [27]

The blame for the contract dispute shifted from the board of trustees and the former Wright State president to Schrader herself. [8] [28] [29] Several hundred faculty protested the stalled contract negotiations at the October 19 meeting of the Wright State Board of Trustees. [30] In November, some faculty members called for an expedited vote of "no-confidence" on Schrader. [31] [32] The faculty senate, however, voted against proceeding. [33] [note 1] The board president supported Schrader in the face of the no-confidence vote, [34] while the faculty senate president said "morale is the lowest I can remember it being" after the senate's decision. [33] A decline in morale among adjunct faculty was also indicated. [35]

On January 4, 2019, the trustees voted to implement a "last, best offer" it had extended and the faculty union had rejected in November 2018, [36] [37] effectively imposing the rejected contract onto the faculty. In response, the faculty union announced a plan to strike on January 22. [21] In a January 6 statement, Schrader described the employment terms as "fair" and said "we can return to the bargaining table when the university is back on solid financial footing." [21] As the strike date drew closer, the faculty union maintained its willingness to negotiate and avoid a strike, and blamed Schrader personally for the impasse. [38] [39] Schrader stood firm in her support of the employment terms and the board of trustees. In a January 17 statement, Schrader said that renegotiation of the expired contract was "not possible." [40] The faculty union argued that continuing to work under the imposed terms was tantamount to accepting the imposed contract, which would diminish the future bargaining power of the faculty union. [20]

Strike

On January 22, 2019, following almost two years of failed contract negotiations and unexpected employment conditions imposed by the administration, the Wright State chapter of the American Association of University Professors began a strike that would ultimately become the second-longest public university strike in U.S. history. [41] Most of the 560 unionized faculty participated in the strike. Striking faculty and other supporters picketed entrances to the university. Protesters chanted for resumed negotiations, and for Schrader "to go." [42] The strike received national attention, [36] [43] [44] and the faculty union garnered widespread support from other universities, alumni, and lawmakers. [45] [46] Many letters of support were addressed to Schrader personally. Schrader and her administration ultimately received much criticism for how the strike was handled, especially after the faculty union ended up getting many of their demands.

Schrader had remained publicly optimistic in the face of the strike, downplaying the likelihood of the strike and its potential impact on the university. [38] She gave the assurance that "classes will continue" during the strike, with the caveat that some might be "consolidated." [47] When the strike began, Schrader kept the university running, instructing students to "go to class," [48] even as an online petition called for her resignation. [49] Schrader reportedly took over teaching two courses herself. [50] Despite such efforts made by the university, there were widespread reports from students that their classes had no instructors, or that "covered" classes provided minimal or inadequate instruction. [36] [42] [51] [52]

Student reaction

The effect of the strike on the students was apparently profound, as reflected in social media posts. [53] Many students expressed frustration about being "caught in the middle" between the striking faculty and the administration. Some students said they felt betrayed by the university; [36] others expressed concern about the effect the strike was having on the reputation of the institution and how it would affect the value of their degree. [54] One student said students were being "bombarded with information". [55] Messages to students were later described as "confusing and sometimes intimidating." [56] A number of students joined the picket lines alongside the faculty, [57] although they were reportedly discouraged from doing so by threats against their financial aid. [58] Near the end of the strike, the AAUP chapter president said between 75 and 250 students picketing with the striking faculty every day. [59] There were also independent protests by students. Two separate student protests were held outside Schrader's office. [57] The second, which occurred on day 16 of the strike, was a round-the-clock "sit-in" by some 30 students. The students had a list of demands, which included tuition reimbursement for course time lost. The demonstration ended after 42 hours, when Schrader agreed to meet with the students. [60] [61]

Full impact

Throughout the strike, Schrader and the administration continued to publicly downplay the impact it was having on the university, maintaining that 80 percent of classes were covered. [62] A February 6 statement added that the number was "climbing" as more union faculty returned to the classroom. [63] The faculty union disputed this, noting all the problems that they're having just running basic classes.” [61] Some university statements did indeed seem inconsistent with university actions. On the third day of the strike, Schrader stated the university was "open and operating largely without issue," [64] in spite of the widespread student complaints. That same day her administration filed a complaint with the Ohio State Employee Relations Board (SERB) asking that the strike be declared illegal. [65] [note 2] When the board ruled that the strike could continue, she stated that the union's actions were "having a significant toll." [62]

As the strike entered its third week, the true impact of the strike became more evident. The university advertized nationally for "long term" adjunct faculty in more than 80 fields, [61] apparently to replace striking faculty. The school also began cancelling some "specialized" courses, [67] which affected advanced students near graduation. [68] It was reported that approximately 3,500 students had been affected by cancelled classes. [68] While the university offered advising sessions to affected students, [68] the faculty union asked Ohio Governor Mike DeWine to intervene, citing a belief that the administration was "losing touch with reality." [69] The faculty union became increasingly vocal in their accusations of "union busting." [59]

Deal to end the strike

With pressure mounting to end the strike, and no deal in sight, a federal negotiator was brought in. On Sunday February 10, day 20 of the strike, after a long weekend of negotiating, the faculty union and the administration negotiators reached a tentative agreement to end the strike. [70] The faculty returned to work on Monday February 11. [71] "Both parties made substantial concessions to help move the university forward together," Schrader said. [70] The faculty union admitted it made some "serious financial concessions," such as agreeing to no pay raises until 2021, but kept protections on job security, workload, merit pay, and perhaps most significantly, the right to bargain over health care. [70] On the whole, the faculty union hailed the agreement [56] and considered the strike a success. [72]

Notes

  1. ↑ This and some other sources incorrectly reported or implied that the no-confidence vote itself failed, which is not strictly true: the faculty senate vote concerned "shortening the process that could eventually lead to a vote."
  2. ↑ The complaint asserted that the faculty union was sabotaging the university by removing course materials from the university web system, and that individual union faculty had misled the administration when asked if they intended to strike. SERB rejected both. The faculty union had filed an earlier complaint that merely asking the faculty if they intended to strike was illegal. [66]

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References

  1. ↑ Sweigart, Josh; Filbey, Max; Bischoff, Laura (April 7, 2017). "Kasich's office: WSU leadership was 'cultivating a regime of secrecy'". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 18, 2019. Wright State University released an 'unflattering' 108-page audit Friday that identifies problems at the school and its research arm in the wake of a federal investigation, but trustees quickly noted that many of the issues identified – conflicts of interests, lack of controls – have been fixed over the past two years.
  2. ↑ Wright State Media Team (April 7, 2017). "Write State University Trusteed Release Audit Report of WSRI" (Press release). Wright State University. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  3. ↑ Stanton, David W. (October 29, 2018). "Fact Finding Tribunal State Employment Relations Board Columbus, Ohio In The Matter Of Fact Finding Between Wright State University; Public Employer -And- American Association Of University Professors, Wright State Chapter; Employee Association" (PDF). Wright State University's American Association of University Professors Chapter. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  4. ↑ Navera, Tristan (April 28, 2017). "Wright State Braces for Layoffs". Dayton Business Journal. Retrieved September 22, 2019. Wright State University could shed 170 positions in a bid to cut $32 million from its budget.
  5. ↑ Filby, Max (May 19, 2017). "In WSU's fast changing budget crisis, clearer details could come today". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  6. ↑ Filby, Max (May 19, 2017). "WSU hits its 'low point' with announcement of 71 layoffs, budget cuts". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  7. 1 2 Filby, Max (July 22, 2018). "Wright State president cut $50M in first year, kept eye on future". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  8. 1 2 Bogart, Devero (July 26, 2018). "Wright State University president receives first annual review". WDTN. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  9. ↑ Filby, Max (July 25, 2018). "New Details: WSU president wasn't offered bonus, raise contrary to release stating she declined both". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 23, 2019. [Trustee] Langos said he was 'shocked' when he saw a release today that stated Schrader did not accept a raise or bonus, because it made it sound like the board offered her one.
  10. ↑ Shively, Holly (May 2, 2019). "WSU avoids state fiscal watch after increasing reserves". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  11. ↑ Filby, Max (May 21, 2018). "Wright State trustee: University's next budget is a 'recipe for disaster'". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 29, 2019. Trustee Bruce Langos voiced concerns about enrollment and the budget proposal, calling it 'a recipe for disaster' and saying that it was 'going to drive this place into the ground....Next year is going to be a very, very tough year for the university'
  12. ↑ Navera, Tristan (August 9, 2017). "How Cheryl Schrader will form her plan for Wright State". Dayton Business Journal. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  13. ↑ Bush, John (February 20, 2018). "Exclusive: Wright State University president talks budget, strategic plan, labor negotiations". Dayton Business Journal. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  14. ↑ Strider-Iiames, Karen (June 26, 2018). "Reinventing Wright State focus of strategic planning mini-summit 3" (Press release). Dayton, Ohio: Wright State University. Wright State University Newsroom. Retrieved September 30, 2019. 'Let's really push the boundaries to get a plan that is different than anybody would see at another university,' [Trustee Fecher] said.
  15. ↑ Filby, Max (Aug 20, 2018). "WSU trustees critical of proposed strategic plan for the university". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 17, 2019. Trustees criticized the proposals as 'overly-broad' and 'generic.'...'If you pull up the vision and mission statement of 100 universities across the country, they're probably not much different than this,' said trustee Bruce Langos. Several other trustees echoed Langos and said that proposals reflect the same way the university has approached higher education for its first 50 years.
  16. ↑ Baugman, Kristin (May 4, 2017). "An interview with incoming president Cheryl Schrader". Wright State Guardian. Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019. While optimistic about transitioning to the university, Schrader is aware of the growing distrust between the administration and the faculty, staff and students.
  17. ↑ Cavender, Sarah (September 3, 2019). "'We're ready for a fresh start': The aftermath of a faculty union strike". The Wright State Guardian. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. 'The relationship has eroded between administration and faculty,' said former AAUP-WSU President, Dr. Martin Kich. 'We always had a collegial relationship prior to years ago.'
  18. 1 2 Filby, Max (November 9, 2017). "WSU faculty union creates strike plan to use if deal isn't reached". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 14, 2019. 'We never had a procedure for calling a strike because in the past we always had a cordial relationship with the administration,' Kich said.
  19. ↑ Filby, Max (December 23, 2018). "Deal on Wright State faculty contract won't be reached until 2019". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 29, 2019. Contract talks first stalled in March 2017.... Although the union contract expired in June, an agreement with the administration means the expired contract remains in place until a new one is reached.
  20. 1 2 Flaherty, Colleen (January 23, 2019). "No Deal". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Laissle, April (January 27, 2019). "Wright State Faculty Union Announces Plan to Strike January 22". Cincinnati Public Radio. Retrieved September 15, 2019. ...they feel the terms of the administration's offer put the quality of education at Wright State at risk.
  22. ↑ Levi, Maytal (January 25, 2018). "WSU faculty union members and administration face off at forum". WTDN 2 News. Retrieved September 30, 2019. Students and AAUP union members at Wright State University (WSU) funneled into a forum about the budget called "Let's Talk". The forum was held by WSU president Cheryl Schrader and members of the board of trustees. Some union members shouted "instead of 'Let's Talk', lets act".
  23. 1 2 Barber, Barrie (Feb 16, 2018). "Wright State faculty angered by planned cuts; 'terrible decisions' loom". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 4, 2019. Dan Slilaty, a WSU mathematics professor and AAUP member, said Wright State had gone on a "budget-cutting spree" that protects administration and trustee priorities and "slashes" the university's core mission. ... "What we the faculty demand is that all future cuts to the university's budget be made in the irresponsible, multi-million dollar athletic budget and the extreme salaries and bloat of the upper administration and in risky side ventures," he said to audience applause..."If a strike is the only way in which meaningful shared governance is going to happen, if a strike is the only way to stop this reckless disregard for the core mission of the university, then I will vote for a strike, and I believe my colleagues will as well," he added.
  24. ↑ "Wright State University faculty announce October strike date". Associated Press. August 27, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2019. The American Association of University Professors says the cut in benefits and a furlough combined would amount to a 9 percent pay cut.
  25. ↑ Kenney, Jerry (January 24, 2018). "Wright State Faculty Prepared To Strike Over Contract Issues". WYSO. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  26. ↑ Filby, Max (July 20, 2018). "Wright State president wraps up first year: Here are the 5 biggest challenges she faces". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  27. ↑ Filby, Max (November 8, 2018). "WSU faculty union overwhelmingly rejects fact-finder's report" . Retrieved October 4, 2019. The union said in a statement that 'AAUP-WSU has committed not to initiate a strike unless the school's president and the board try to impose a contract that would damage education at Wright State.'
  28. ↑ Laissle, April (October 19, 2018). "Wright State Faculty Union Protests Slow Contract Talks". WYSO BBC World Service. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  29. ↑ "Noeleen McIlvenna's Remarks at the Board of Trustees Meeting, 19 October 2018". American Association of College Professors. October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019. And it was the current admin who decided to put tenure and workload on the table, so that they can lay-off even more faculty to make fewer and bigger classes for students. These decisions didn't happen on Hopkins' watch. These decisions belong to President Cheryl Schrader.
  30. ↑ Ross, Catherine (October 19, 2018). "WSU faculty protest contract negotiations during board of trustees meeting". WDTN. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  31. ↑ Levitan, Monica (November 5, 2018). "WSU Faculty Senate Calls for Vote of "No Confidence" on University President". Diverse Issues in Higher Education. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  32. ↑ Filby, Max (November 5, 2018). "Possible no-confidence vote in WSU president, board still months away". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
  33. 1 2 Bogart, Devero (November 6, 2018). "'No Confidence' vote fails at Wright State University faculty senate meeting". WDTN News. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
  34. ↑ Gnau, Thomas; Filby, Max (November 5, 2018). "Trustee president supports WSU president as 'no confidence' talk continues among some faculty". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved May 2, 2019. 'While she has only been on the job for little over a year the university has produced the first operating surplus in many years and has instilled strong budget controls and accountability that will serve the university well into the future,' Fecher said in a prepared statement. 'She's had to make tough choices to facilitate a financial recovery and I'm certain she will continue to make the difficult choices necessary for Wright State to prosper and excel.'
  35. ↑ Carol, Simmons (November 1, 2018). "Faculty strike looms at Write State". Yellow Springs News. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Pettit, Emma (January 22, 2019). "'Talking Is Over': Hundreds of Professors Strike at Wright State U." Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  37. ↑ Filby, Max (January 4, 2019). "WSU fails to reach faculty union contract deal, board implements last best offer". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  38. 1 2 Filby, max; Wilson, Richard (January 14, 2019). "WSU faculty, administration, locked in stalemate as strike draws closer". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 5, 2019. At this point, the decision as to whether or not the union and administration will reconvene negotiations is up to Schrader, said Noeleen McIlvenna, a WSU history professor and contract administration officer for the union.
  39. ↑ Filby, Max (January 15, 2019). "Wright State: What we know about possible faculty strike". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2019. WSU union leaders have said they have repeatedly reached out to president Cheryl Schrader to negotiate but have not gotten a response. Kich has said the board and administration have not negotiated with the union since early November
  40. ↑ Wright State Media Team (January 17, 2019). "Statement from Wright State President Cheryl B. Schrader" (Press release). Dayton, Ohio: Wright State University. Wright State University Newsroom. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  41. ↑ Rhodes, Dawn (May 28, 2019). "'Because we know that strikes work': College unions leverage publicity in tough contract battles". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  42. 1 2 Filby, Max (January 23, 2019). "Wright State faculty strike starts, causes classroom confusion". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved September 3, 2019. Protesters chanted for contract negotiations to restart while others chanted for WSU president Cheryl Schrader "to go."
  43. ↑ "Hundreds of Teachers on Strike at Ohio's Wright State". U.S. News & World Report. January 22, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  44. ↑ "Wright State Faculty Strike Drags On Into Its 3rd Week". National Public Radio Morning Edition. February 7, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  45. ↑ "Support for AAUP-WSU". AAPU-WSU.
  46. ↑ Parker, Megan (February 6, 2019). "UA, KSU Faculty Hold Solidarity Picket Line to Support WSU Strike". The Buchtelite (University of Akron Student Newspaper). Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  47. ↑ Filby, Max (January 20, 2019). "No deal in sight as strike date nears for Wright State". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  48. ↑ Filby, Max (January 21, 2019). "WSU president tells students to go to class as union prepares to strike". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  49. ↑ Warwick, Gabi; Aragon, Rachel (January 21, 2019). "Online petition calls for the resignation of WSU President ahead of planned faculty strike". Dayton 24/7. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  50. ↑ Filby, Max (January 27, 2019). "Pressure mounting on Wright State faculty, administration to end strike". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  51. ↑ Filby, Max (January 22, 2019). "Some WSU students claim classes were not covered during strike today". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2019. 'Having someone stand outside the door just to have us write our names does not count as covering a class,' Evelyn Belcher, an undergraduate in the WSU College of Liberal Arts posted in the Facebook group.
  52. ↑ Rife, Adam (January 23, 2019). "WSU students say many classes did not have instructors on Day 1 of faculty strike". WDTN. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  53. ↑ Laissle, April (February 6, 2019). "Wright State Students Divided, Frustrated As Faculty Strike Enters Third Week". Cincinnati Public Radio. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  54. ↑ Bogart, Devero (January 10, 2019). "Wright State students fear impact of union faculty strike". WDTN. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  55. ↑ Buechele, James (February 8, 2019). "Wright State senior is daughter of striking faculty member". WHIO. Retrieved September 22, 2019. She said students are being bombarded with information from the university. 'We're trying to figure out what to believe, who to believe, who to trust and it's very frustrating for us. We know our professors are there for us,' she said.
  56. 1 2 Bachman, Megan (February 21, 2019). "Wright State strike ends— Faculty union hails agreement". Yellow Spring News. Retrieved October 3, 2019. For one, faculty have spoken out about the confusing and sometimes intimidating messages to students.
  57. 1 2 Filby, Max (January 24, 2019). "Wright State students protest in support of faculty on strike". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  58. ↑ Vickers, Whitney (January 22, 2019). "Some WSU faculty, students on strike". Xenia Daily Gazette. Retrieved October 2, 2019. Students said they have received messages from the university saying that if they participate in the protest, they would experience a negative impact to their financial aid. Students also said there have been "sweepers" going inside classrooms taking mandatory attendance to ensure they're in class.
  59. 1 2 Quinlan, Casey (February 8, 2019). "Teacher strikes show no signs of stopping as Wright State faculty picket for 18th straight day". Think Progress. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  60. ↑ "Wright State students continue sit-in outside president's office into second day". WHIO. February 6, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
  61. 1 2 3 Pettit, Emma (February 5, 2019). "As Faculty Strike Wears On, Wright State Seeks 'Long Term' Adjuncts in More Than 80 Fields". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  62. 1 2 Filby, Max (January 27, 2019). "State board rules Wright State faculty strike can continue". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  63. ↑ Rife, Adam (February 7, 2019). "WSU students protest overnight as faculty union strike continues". WDTN 2 News. Retrieved September 3, 2019. In a statement Wednesday, the university maintains 80 percent of classes are covered, adding in part: "This number is climbing as more union faculty return to the classroom, temporary instructors commit to staying, and new faculty join the university."
  64. ↑ Filby, Max (January 24, 2019). "Wright State faculty strike: What to know on Day 3". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  65. ↑ Bush, John. "Wright State wants state to declare faculty strike unlawful". Dayton Business Journal. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  66. ↑ Moore, Rhonda (January 10, 2019). "Email sparks controversy as Wright State faculty considers going on strike". WKEF/WRGT. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  67. ↑ Mador, Jess (February 6, 2019). "Gov. Mike DeWine's Administration "Monitoring" Wright State Faculty Strike". WYSO. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  68. 1 2 3 Eskow, Kristen (February 8, 2019). "WSU students share mixed feelings after meeting with advisors". WDTN. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  69. ↑ Filby, Max (February 8, 2019). "Wright State offering students options for classes canceled by strike". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  70. 1 2 3 Pettit, Emma (February 11, 2019). "'Now Comes the Hard Part': 20-Day Strike at Wright State Has Ended". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  71. ↑ Filby, Max (February 12, 2019). "Wright State looks to move on from longest faculty strike in Ohio's history". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved Sep 3, 2019.
  72. ↑ Flaherty, Colleen (February 13, 2019). "'Standing Up for What's Right'". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
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