Wu Rui | |||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 吳 芮 | ||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 吴 芮 | ||||||||
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Wu Rui (died 202 BC),King Wen of Changsha,was an ancient Chinese general and rebel leader who helped Liu Bang establish the Han dynasty. A Baiyue magistrate of Po County under the Qin dynasty,he rose to become King of Hengshan during the collapse of Qin and was enfeoffed as King of Changsha during the early Han dynasty.
An ethnic Yue,Wu Rui was the son of Wu Shen ( 吳 申 ,WúShēn),formerly grand marshal ( 大 司馬 ,dàsīmǎ,the highest military office) of the Chu state. During the Qin dynasty,Wu Rui was the magistrate of Po County,which had not yet flooded. He enjoyed high popularity and prestige among the local Baiyue people and was known as "Lord of the Po" ( 番 君 ). After Chen Sheng and Wu Guang launched the Dazexiang Uprising against the Qin,Wu Rui organized a Baiyue army and joined the rebellion. Wu Rui's followers included Mei Xuan ( 梅 鋗 ,Méi Xuān) and his son-in-law Ying Bu,both of whom assisted Liu Bang and played a major role in his victory against Qin and Xiang Yu. [1]
In 206 BC, Wu Rui was bestowed the title King of Hengshan ( 衡山 王 ,Héngshān wáng) by Xiang Yu,as one of the 18 kings under the "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" (aka Xiang Yu). In 202 BC, after Liu Bang's victory in the Battle of Gaixia,Wu Rui,along with other kings loyal to Liu Bang,called the latter to ascend the title of emperor. After the foundation of Han dynasty,he was moved from Hengshan to become the King of Changsha. Wu Rui died shortly after reaching Linxiang (present-day Changsha),the capital of his new fief.
Wu Rui was buried near Changsha. After his death,the kingdom passed to his son,Wu Chen ( 吳 臣 ,WúChén). His descendants honored him under the posthumous name King Wen ("the civil king"). [1] His line was the only one among non-Liu family kings to survive past Liu Bang's reign.
In the early Three Kingdoms Period,Wu Rui's tomb was demolished to provide the source of wood for a new temple for Sun Jian. The body was so well preserved that one of the participants later commented to Wu Gang ( 吳 綱 ,WúGāng),then "colonel of the Nanman" ( 南蠻 校尉 ,Nánmán xiàowèi) and a living descendant of Wu Rui,that he looked particularly similar to his ancestor. [2]
The Battle of Xiaoting (猇亭之戰),also known as the Battle of Yiling and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting,was fought between the state of Shu and the state of Wu,between the years 221 and 222 in the early Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle is significant because Wu was able to turn the situation from a series of initial losses into a defensive stalemate,before proceeding to win a decisive victory over Shu. The Wu victory halted the Shu invasion and preceded the death of Liu Bei,Shu's founding emperor.
Zhuge Liang,also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming,was a Chinese statesman,strategist,and engineer who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and the early to mid-Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period,he served as the Imperial Chancellor of the state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234.
Emperor Gaozu of Han,courtesy name Ji (季),was the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty,reigning 202–195 BC. His temple name was "Taizu" while his posthumous name was Emperor Gao,or Gaodi;"Gaozu of Han",derived from the Records of the Grand Historian,is the common way of referring to this sovereign even though he was not accorded the temple name "Gaozu",which literally means "High Founder".
Zhuge Jin,courtesy name Ziyu,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty,Zhuge Jin started his career in the 200s as an official under the warlord Sun Quan,who later became the founding emperor of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. In 215,he served as Sun Quan's representative in a territorial dispute over southern Jing Province between Sun Quan and his ally,Liu Bei. In 219,he joined Sun Quan's general LüMeng in an invasion of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province after Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance. He was subsequently appointed as a general and commandery administrator. Before the Battle of Xiaoting of 221–222,Zhuge Jin attempted to dissuade Liu Bei from going to war with Sun Quan but was unsuccessful. The battle ultimately concluded with victory for Sun Quan's side;both sides made peace later and reestablished an alliance between the Eastern Wu and Shu Han states against their rival state,Cao Wei. From 222 until his death in 241,despite being rather incompetent in military affairs,Zhuge Jin served as one of Eastern Wu's top generals and participated in some battles against Cao Wei forces.
Zhang Zhao (156–236),courtesy name Zibu,was a Chinese calligrapher,essayist,military general,and politician. He served as an official of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty,Zhang Zhao started his career as a scholar in his native Xu Province before the chaos towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty forced him to flee south to the Jiangdong region for shelter. In Jiangdong,Zhang Zhao became an adviser to the rising warlord Sun Ce. After Sun Ce's death in the year 200,Zhang Zhao played a key supporting role to Sun Ce's younger brother and successor,Sun Quan,as he consolidated power and his control over the Jiangdong territories. In 208,Zhang Zhao strongly urged Sun Quan to surrender to Cao Cao,a rival warlord,because he believed that they stood no chance against an impending invasion by Cao Cao. However,Sun Quan refused to listen to Zhang Zhao and instead heeded the advice of Lu Su and Zhou Yu. Sun Quan's forces ultimately scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs in the winter of 208. From 200 until his death in 236,Zhang Zhao served under Sun Quan through the collapse of the Eastern Han dynasty and into the Three Kingdoms period after Sun Quan became the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu state. Throughout his career,Zhang Zhao was known for being a stern,uncompromising and intimidating figure who commanded respect from both his colleagues and Sun Quan. Despite Zhang Zhao's seniority and experience,Sun Quan passed him over twice as a candidate for the position of Imperial Chancellor in 222 and 225 as he believed that Zhang Zhao was so headstrong and stubborn that he would not be able to effectively lead the administration. Nevertheless,Sun Quan paid his due respects to Zhang Zhao as a mentor-like figure who saw him through his formative years to his accession to the throne.
Ma Liang (187–222),courtesy name Jichang,was an official serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Since he was young,Ma Liang was famous for his exceptional talent,with Chen Shou describing him as one of Shu's best officials. However,he was killed in battle at the age of 35 years during the Battle of Xiaoting. He served in the state of Shu Han as one of the founding emperor Liu Bei's Palace Attendants during the early Three Kingdoms period and was the elder brother of Ma Su.
Han Xin was a Chinese military general and politician who served Liu Bang during the Chu–Han Contention and contributed greatly to the founding of the Han dynasty. Han Xin was named as one of the "Three Heroes of the early Han dynasty",along with Zhang Liang and Xiao He.
After Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and proclaimed himself emperor of the Han dynasty,he followed the practice of Xiang Yu and enfeoffed many generals,noblemen,and imperial relatives as kings,the same title borne by the sovereigns of the Shang and Zhou dynasties and by the rulers of the Warring States. Each king had his own semi-autonomous kingdom. This was a departure from the policy of the Qin dynasty,which divided China into commanderies governed by non-hereditary governors.
Zhuge Dan,courtesy name Gongxiu,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. When he held key military appointments throughout his middle to late career,he was involved in all of the three rebellions which broke out in Shouchun between 251 and 258. During the second rebellion,he actively assisted the Wei regent Sima Shi in suppressing the revolt. After the rebellion,the Wei government put him in charge of Shouchun. As the Sima clan became more powerful and established themselves as the de facto rulers of Wei,Zhuge Dan feared that he would end up slain like Wang Ling and Guanqiu Jian –the leaders of the first two rebellions –so he started the third rebellion against Sima Zhao,who succeeded Sima Shi as regent of Wei in 255. Although he received some support from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu,his rebellion was eventually suppressed by Wei imperial forces and he met his end at the hands of Hu Fen,a military officer under Sima Zhao.
Emperor Yi of Chu,also known as King Huai II of Chu before receiving his de jure emperor title,personal name Xiong Xin,was the ruler of the revived Chu state in the late Qin dynasty. He was a grandson of King Huai of Chu. In 223 BC,during the Warring States period,the Chu state was conquered by the Qin state,which unified the various Chinese feudal states in a series of wars and established the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. In 209 BC,when rebellions broke out throughout China to overthrow the Qin dynasty,the Chu state was revived as an insurgent state against Qin imperial rule. Xiong Xin was discovered by Xiang Liang,a rebel leader who descended from a famous Chu general,Xiang Yan,and installed on the Chu throne as "King Huai II of Chu". However,Xiong Xin was merely a puppet ruler because power was concentrated in Xiang Liang's hands,and was later passed on to Xiang Liang's nephew,Xiang Yu,after Xiang Liang was killed in battle. In 206 BC,the Qin dynasty was overthrown by the rebels,after which Xiang Yu,who was the de facto leader of all the rebel forces,divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms. He promoted King Huai II to a more "honourable" title –Emperor Yi of Chu –and made him the nominal sovereign ruler over all the Eighteen Kingdoms. Xiang Yu then had Emperor Yi relocated to Chen County and secretly ordered Ying Bu to assassinate the emperor during the journey.
Zhang Yi,courtesy name Junsi,was an official of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
LüKai,courtesy name Jiping,was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Lu Wan was a Chinese military general,monarch,and politician who served as the vassal king of the early Han dynasty. He served under Liu Bang,the founding emperor of the Han dynasty.
The Battle of Pengcheng was fought in Pengcheng in April 205 BC between the kingdoms of Western Chu and Han,led by Xiang Yu and Liu Bang respectively. The Han forces were unprepared and suffered heavy losses. Several of Liu Bang's family members were captured and some of his allies defected to Chu as a result of his defeat.
Zong Yu,courtesy name Deyan,was a military general and diplomat of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Like Liao Hua and Zhang Yi,Zong was one of few officials who served the Shu-Han state throughout its entire existence.
Ying Bu was a warlord and vassal king who lived in the early Han dynasty. He was a native of Lu County. In his early life under the Qin dynasty,Ying Bu was convicted and sentenced to qing,so he was also called Qing Bu (黥布). He was then sent to Mount Li to perform hard labour by constructing Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum. He later escaped with some men and became the leader of a bandit gang. Ying Bu participated in the insurrection against the Qin dynasty after the Dazexiang Uprising broke out in 209 BC. After the uprising failed,he became part of a rebel force led by Xiang Liang. He assisted Xiang Liang's nephew and successor Xiang Yu in overthrowing the Qin dynasty. After the fall of Qin,he initially fought on Xiang Yu's side in the Chu–Han Contention,a power struggle for supremacy over China between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang. However,later,he defected to Liu Bang's side and helped Liu defeat Xiang Yu and become the emperor. During this period of time,Ying Bu held the title "King of Jiujiang". In c.August 203,Liu Bang appointed Ying Bu as a vassal king and granted him the title "King of Huainan". In 196 BC,Ying Bu rebelled against the Han dynasty but was defeated and killed.
Jingzhou or Jing Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China referenced in Chinese historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu,Erya,Rites of Zhou,and Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Lu Ji (188–219),courtesy name Gongji,was a Chinese politician and scholar serving under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was also one of the 24 Filial Exemplars.
Liu Ji (184–233),courtesy name Jingyu,was a Chinese politician of the state of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a descendant of the imperial clan of the Han dynasty and the eldest son of the minor warlord Liu Yao.
The Changsha Kingdom was a kingdom within the Han Empire of China,located in present-day Hunan and some surrounding areas. The kingdom was founded when Emperor Gaozu granted the territory to his follower Wu Rui in 203 or 202 BC,around the same time as the establishment of the Han dynasty. Wu Rui and his descendants held the kingdom for five generations until Wu Zhu died without an heir in 157 BC. In 155 BC,the kingdom was reestablished for a member of the imperial family. However,the creation of this second kingdom coincided with the Rebellion of the Seven States and the subsequent reforms under Emperor Jing,and Changsha under the imperial family saw its autonomy greatly diminished. The kingdom was dissolved during Wang Mang's usurpation,briefly restored after the founding of the Eastern Han,and finally abolished in AD 33 and converted to a commandery under the imperial government.