The Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology is a multireligious and interdisciplinary project founded in 1998 and based at Yale University since 2006. [1] Since 2023, it has operated under the auspices of the Yale Center for Environmental Justice (YCEJ). In collaboration with other academics and environmentalists, it promotes the teaching and study of religion and ecology and highlights the activity of religious environmentalism around the globe. The Forum publishes books and articles, provides a monthly email newsletter, offers online Coursera courses, organizes conferences, and maintains a website emphasizing engaged scholarship and action for ecojustice.
From 1996 to 1998, Forum founders and directors Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim organized the Harvard Religions of the World and Ecology conference series of 10 conferences at the Harvard Center for the Study of World Religions. [2]
The culminating conferences were convened in October 1998 at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts, [3] and the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. [4] A symposium and press conference was also held at the United Nations, at which the founding of the Forum on Religion and Ecology was publicly announced. [5] As a result of the Harvard conferences, a series of books was published by the Harvard Center for the Study of World Religions from 1997 to 2004, with nine volumes available in English (the tenth, Shinto and Ecology, was released in Japanese). [6]
The Forum is based on the work of 'geologian' and historian of religions Thomas Berry, known for his book The Dream of the Earth, originally published by Sierra Club Books. [7] Tucker and Grim edited his published works, including The Great Work, Sacred Universe, [8] Evening Thoughts, [9] Christian Future and the Fate of Earth, [8] and Selected Writings on the Earth Community. [10] In addition, with Andrew Angyal they published Thomas Berry: A Biography (2019), the first biography of Berry. [11] A series of rare audio recordings of Berry in conversation with evolutionary cosmologist Brian Thomas Swimme was released in October 2023. Titled “The Collected Thoughts of Thomas Berry,” these were made available in digital format for the first time in 2023 for the 25th anniversary of the Forum. [12]
In conjunction with the Thomas Berry Foundation, the Forum also maintains a website dedicated to Berry's life work and legacy. [13] Tucker and Grim also founded an archive of his papers at Harvard University in 1998, which his sister Margaret Berry developed, part of the Harvard Library Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives. [14]
In the Winter 2022-2023 issue of Columbia Magazine, a comprehensive view of the field of religion and ecology was published, which featured in particular the work of the Forum and of the Center for Earth Ethics at Union Theological Seminary at Columbia University.
The Forum has hosted dozens of conferences around the world since the first Harvard conference in 1996, bringing together scholars of world religions, theologians, and ethicists with scientists, policymakers, environmentalists, and many more. Some of the most notable events include: Renewing Hope: Pathways of Religious Environmentalism; [15] Living Cosmology: Christian Responses to Journey of the Universe; [16] and Living Earth Community: Ways of Being and Knowing the World.
The Forum and its founders have published many books and articles on the topic of religion and ecology over the past 25 years. Some of the highlights include: the ten volumes of the Harvard Religions of the World and Ecology series (Harvard CSWR/Harvard University Press, 1996–2001); [6] the 2001 Daedalus volume, "Religion and Ecology: Can the Climate Change?"; [2] the book Ecology and Religion (Island Press, 2014); "Integrating Ecology and Justice: the Papal Encyclical" ( Quarterly Review of Biology , 2016); [17] and Routledge Handbook of Religion and Ecology (Routledge, 2017). [18] A full list of publications can be found on the Forum website. [19]
The Forum has created two series of online courses, released through Yale University and the Coursera online learning platform.
In 2016, "Journey of the Universe: A Story for our Times" was released. [20] This series contains 3 courses related to the Forum's sister project, the documentary film Journey of the Universe, [21] and includes a class on Thomas Berry. [22]
In 2022, "Religions and Ecology: Restoring the Earth Community" was released. This series includes 6 courses on religious traditions around the world and their relationship to the environment. [23]
This 2011 documentary film and multimedia project, created by Brian Thomas Swimme and Mary Evelyn Tucker, was the winner of the 2012 Northern California Emmy Award for Best Documentary. [24] The project also includes:
In 2023, Tucker and Grim retired from teaching at Yale. At that time, the Forum entered into a new partnership with the Yale Center for Environmental Justice and now operates under the auspices of YCEJ. The Center, founded by environmental lawyer Gerald Torres, is a project of the Yale School of the Environment and Yale Law School, in partnership with the Yale College’s Center for the Study of Race, Indigeneity, and Transnational Migration.
Dedicated to continuing the work of Thomas Berry, the Thomas Berry Foundation (in conjunction with the Forum) distributes his books and arranges for translations. [27] It maintains a website and presents the Thomas Berry Award to those who have contributed significantly to the flourishing of the Earth community. [28] It helped to create the Thomas Berry archive at Harvard. This collection is part of the Harvard Library Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives (ESPPA). [14]
Since 1993, Forum directors Tucker and Grim have served as advisory board members for a collection of 28 volumes published by Orbis Books that bring together the themes of environmental justice with social justice. [29]
A division of the United Nations Environment Programme, the organization educates and informs about caring for the Earth and help them in working towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [30] The Forum announced a formal partnership with Faith for Earth in 2020. [31] In September that year, UNEP's Faith for Earth Initiative, in collaboration with the Parliament of the World's Religions, United Religions Initiative, and Bhumi Global, released a report on the activities of faith-based environmental initiatives around the globe, as defined by the SDGs. [32] In 2021, the project was expanded to include a living database of current and future projects and organizations, which is housed on the Forum's website. [33]
The first journal in this field, the Forum has supported Worldviews since its inception in 1996. Tucker and Grim have served as Associate Editors of the journal since its founding. [34]
The Earth Charter is a collaborative document composed over a decade, involving many stakeholders around the planet. It provides an ethical framework for the interwoven principles of ecology, justice, and peace. [35] Tucker served on the Earth Charter drafting committee (1997–2000) [36] and the Earth Charter International Council (2000–2013). [37]
Grim and Tucker served as president and vice-president of the American Teilhard Association for over 35 years. Both stepped down as officers in 2019. [38] Thomas Berry served as President of the association from 1975 to 1986. [39] French philosopher, paleontologist, and Jesuit priest, Pierre Teilhard deChardin (1881–1955), has been a major influence on the work of both Berry and the Forum. [40]
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin was a French Jesuit, Catholic priest, scientist, paleontologist, theologian, philosopher, and teacher. He was Darwinian in outlook and the author of several influential theological and philosophical books. His mainstream scientific achievements included taking part in the discovery of Peking Man. His more speculative ideas, sometimes criticized as pseudoscientific, have included a vitalist conception of the Omega Point and the development along with Vladimir Vernadsky of the concept of a noosphere.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system. It was established by Maurice Strong, its first director, after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in June 1972. Its mandate is to provide leadership, deliver science and develop solutions on a wide range of issues, including climate change, the management of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and green economic development. The organization also develops international environmental agreements; publishes and promotes environmental science and helps national governments achieve environmental targets.
Spiritual ecology is an emerging field in religion, conservation, and academia that proposes that there is a spiritual facet to all issues related to conservation, environmentalism, and earth stewardship. Proponents of spiritual ecology assert a need for contemporary nature conservation work to include spiritual elements and for contemporary religion and spirituality to include awareness of and engagement in ecological issues.
Thomas Berry, CP was a Catholic priest, cultural historian, and scholar of the world's religions, especially Asian traditions. Later, as he studied Earth history and evolution, he called himself a "geologian".
Brian Thomas Swimme is a professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies, in San Francisco, where he teaches evolutionary cosmology to graduate students in the philosophy, cosmology, and consciousness program. He received his Ph.D. (1978) from the department of mathematics at the University of Oregon for work with Richard Barrar on singularity theory, with a dissertation titled Singularities in the N-Body Problem.
Environmental education (EE) refers to organized efforts to teach how natural environments function, and particularly, how human beings can manage behavior and ecosystems to live sustainably. It is a multi-disciplinary field integrating disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, ecology, earth science, atmospheric science, mathematics, and geography.
John F. Haught is an American theologian. He is a Distinguished Research Professor at Georgetown University. He specializes in Roman Catholic systematic theology, with a particular interest in issues pertaining to physical cosmology, evolutionary biology, geology, and Christianity.
Ecospirituality connects the science of ecology with spirituality. It brings together religion and environmental activism. Ecospirituality has been defined as "a manifestation of the spiritual connection between human beings and the environment." The new millennium and the modern ecological crisis has created a need for environmentally based religion and spirituality. Ecospirituality is understood by some practitioners and scholars as one result of people wanting to free themselves from a consumeristic and materialistic society. Ecospirituality has been critiqued for being an umbrella term for concepts such as deep ecology, ecofeminism, and nature religion.
Ecotheology is a form of constructive theology that focuses on the interrelationships of religion and nature, particularly in the light of environmental concerns. Ecotheology generally starts from the premise that a relationship exists between human religious/spiritual worldviews and the degradation or restoration and preservation of nature. It explores the interaction between ecological values, such as sustainability, and the human domination of nature. The movement has produced numerous religious-environmental projects around the world.
In social, cultural, and religious studies in the United States, the "epic of evolution" is a narrative that blends religious and scientific views of cosmic, biological, and sociocultural evolution in a mythological manner. According to The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, an "epic of evolution" encompasses
the 14 billion year narrative of cosmic, planetary, life, and cultural evolution—told in sacred ways. Not only does it bridge mainstream science and a diversity of religious traditions; if skillfully told, it makes the science story memorable and deeply meaningful, while enriching one's religious faith or secular outlook.
Religion and environmentalism is an emerging interdisciplinary subfield in the academic disciplines of religious studies, religious ethics, the sociology of religion, and theology amongst others, with environmentalism and ecological principles as a primary focus.
Judaism and environmentalism intersect on many levels. The natural world plays a central role in Jewish law, literature, liturgy, and other practices. Within the arena of Jewish thought, beliefs vary widely about the human relationship to the environment.
Environmental theology pertains to "the God-environment relationship and divine expectations of human behavior in relation to the environment".
The Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development (ICSD), is a nonprofit organization, founded and directed by Rabbi Yonatan Neril in 2010. Based in Jerusalem, ICSD connects religion and ecology and mobilizes faith communities to act. ICSD's director has spoken at the World Economic Forum in Davos, multiple UN climate conferences, and the Parliament of World Religions.
Mary Evelyn Tucker is the co-founder and co-director of the Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology with her husband, John Allen Grim. Tucker teaches in the joint Master's program in religion and ecology at Yale University between the School of the Environment, and the Divinity School. She also has an appointment at Yale's Department of Religious Studies. A pioneer in the field of religion and ecology, she has authored and edited around 20 volumes and has published hundreds of articles.
Rights of nature or Earth rights is a legal and jurisprudential theory that describes inherent rights as associated with ecosystems and species, similar to the concept of fundamental human rights. The rights of nature concept challenges twentieth-century laws as generally grounded in a flawed frame of nature as "resource" to be owned, used, and degraded. Proponents argue that laws grounded in rights of nature direct humanity to act appropriately and in a way consistent with modern, system-based science, which demonstrates that humans and the natural world are fundamentally interconnected.
John Allen Grim is the co-founder and co-director of the Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology, alongside his wife Mary Evelyn Tucker. He teaches at Yale University, where he holds appointments in the Yale School of the Environment, the Divinity School, and the Department of Religious Studies. He has also taught at Sarah Lawrence College and Bucknell University. He specializes in Native American religions and has studied the Salish people of Washington State and the Crow/Apsaalooke people of Montana. He has also undertaken field work with healing practitioners in East and Southeast Asia and with religious leaders in Vrindaban and New Delhi, India.
Yonatan Neril is an interfaith environmental advocate, NGO director, and rabbi. He is the founder and current director of the Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development (ICSD), a non-profit organization based in Jerusalem.
Christopher Key Chapple is an Indologist and scholar of the renouncing religions of India, namely yoga, Jainism and Buddhism. He is Doshi Professor of Indic and Comparative Theology at Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles. He has written several books on the history and philosophy of yoga, and on the intersection of religion and ecology.
Roger S. Gottlieb is professor of philosophy and Paris Fletcher Distinguished Professor in the Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He has written and edited 21 books, including two Nautilus Book Awards winners, and over 150 papers on philosophy, political theory, environmental ethics, religious studies, religious environmentalism, religious life, contemporary spirituality, the Holocaust, and disability. He is internationally known for his work as a leading analyst and exponent of religious environmentalism, for his passionate and moving account of spirituality in an age of environmental crisis, and for his innovative and humane description of the role of religion in a democratic society.