Zoila S. Mendoza | |
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Born | 1960 (age 62–63) Piura, Department of Piura, Peru |
Occupations |
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Awards | Guggenheim Fellow (2010) |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | |
Thesis | Shaping Society Through Dance: Mestizo Ritual Performance in the Southern Peruvian Highlands (1993) |
Academic work | |
Institutions | University of California,Davis |
Zoila Silvia del Rosario Mendoza Beoutis (born 1960) is a Peruvian-born anthropologist and documentary filmmaker based in the United States. She has written books on dance and folklore in the Peruvian city of Cusco and is a professor at the University of California,Davis Department of Native American Studies.
Zoila Silvia del Rosario Mendoza Beoutis [1] was born in 1960 in the Peruvian city of Piura to Andean migrant parents. [2] [3] She was named after her mother and a close friend of the former,musician Yma Sumac. [4]
Mendoza studied at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP),where she got her BA in 1982 and Licenciatura in 1985,and the University of Chicago,where she got her MA in 1987 and PhD in 1993;all of these degrees were both in the field of anthropology. [5] Her PhD dissertation is titled Shaping Society Through Dance:Mestizo Ritual Performance in the Southern Peruvian Highlands. [6] She was a 1988–1989 Fulbright Fellow. [5]
In 1994,she joined the University of California,Davis faculty and has remained with them since. [5] After serving some time as Lecturer,she was promoted to Assistant Professor the same year,before being moved from the Department of Music to the Department of Native American Studies in 1999. [5] She was promoted to Associate Professor in 2001 and eventually Professor in 2008. [5] In 2015,she became chair of the Department of Native American Studies. [5]
As an academic,Mendoza specializes in performance art in the Andes and Peru and in the culture of the Quechua people. [7] In the late-1980s,she started an archive of audiovisual content as part of her research,later housed at the PUCP's Instituto de Etnomusicología Andina. [2] In 2000,she published the book Shaping Society Through Dance:Mestizo Ritual Performance in the Peruvian Andes (2000),which discusses the concept of the Department of Cuzco comparsas. [8] She later published three books on dance and folklore in the Peruvian city of Cusco:Al Son de la Danza:Identidad y Comparsas en el Cuzco (2001); [9] Crear y Sentir lo Nuestro:Folklore Identidad Regional y Nacional en Cuzco,Siglo XX (2006); [1] and Creating our Own:Folklore,Performance,and Identity in Cuzco,Peru (2008). [10] She is also fluent in the Quechua language. [5]
In 2006,she started visiting the Pomacanchi District and participated in her first pilgrimage to the Quyllurit'i religious festival there. [11] She later went to two more pilgrimages in 2008 and 2010. [11] She completed her ethnographic work on the area in 2013,inspiring Qoyllur Rit’i:Crónica de una Peregrinación Cusqueña (a 2021 bilingual Spanish-Quechua book). [11]
In 2015,she produced two documentaries:Memory Walkers,which is about the aftermath of the internal conflict in Peru; [12] and The Pilgrimage to the Sanctuary of the Lord of Qoyllur Rit'i:The Walk Experience,inspired by her experiences with the Quyllurit'i festival. [13] [11]
She was appointed as a Guggenheim Fellow in 2010. [2]
Mestizo is a person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry. In certain regions such as Latin America,it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though their ancestors are Native American or African. The term was used as an ethno-racial exonym for mixed-race castas that evolved during the Spanish Empire. It was a formal label for individuals in official documents,such as censuses,parish registers,Inquisition trials,and others. Priests and royal officials might have classified persons as mestizos,but individuals also used the term in self-identification.
The Viceroyalty of Peru officially known as the Kingdom of Peru was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district,created in 1542,that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America,governed from the capital of Lima. Peru was one of the two Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries.
Andean music is a group of styles of music from the Andes region in South America.
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JoséGabriel Condorcanqui –known as Túpac Amaru II –was an indigenous cacique who led a large Andean rebellion against the Spanish in Peru as self-proclaimed Sapa Inca of a new Inca Empire. He later became a mythical figure in the Peruvian struggle for independence and indigenous rights movement,as well as an inspiration to myriad causes in Spanish America and beyond.
Zoila Augusta Emperatriz Chávarri del Castillo,known as Yma Sumac,was a Peruvian-born vocalist,composer,producer,actress and model. "Ima sumaq" means "how beautiful" in Quechua. She has also been called Queen of Exotica and is considered a pioneer of world music. She won a Guinness World Record for the Greatest Range of Musical Value in 1956. Her debut album,Voice of the Xtabay (1950),peaked at number one in the Billboard 200,and its single,"Virgin of the Sun God ",reached number one on the UK Singles Chart. It sold a million copies worldwide,becoming an international success in the 1950s. Albums like Legend of the Sun Virgin (1952),Fuego del Ande (1959) and Mambo! (1955),were other successes.
Efraín Morote Best was a Peruvian lawyer,anthropologist,and academic administrator. From 1962 to 1968 he served as the Rector of San Cristóbal of Huamanga University in Ayacucho,Perú.
Black Peruvians or Afro-Peruvians are Peruvian of mostly or partially African descent. They mostly descend from enslaved Africans brought to Peru after the arrival of the conquistadors.
The term Peruvian literature not only refers to literature produced in the independent Republic of Peru,but also to literature produced in the Viceroyalty of Peru during the country's colonial period,and to oral artistic forms created by diverse ethnic groups that existed in the area during the prehispanic period,such as the Quechua,the Aymara and the Chanka South American native groups.
Blas Valera (1544-1597) was a Roman Catholic priest of the Jesuit Order in Peru,a historian,and a linguist. The son of a Spaniard and an indigenous woman,he was one of the first mestizo priests in Peru. He wrote a history of Peru titled Historia Occidentalis which is mostly lost,although the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega quoted some of it in his history. In 1583 Valera was jailed by the Jesuits. The Jesuits claimed they were punishing Valera for sexual misconduct but more likely the reason was heresy. Valera's writings claimed the Incas were the legitimate rulers of Peru,the Inca's language,Quechua,was equal to Latin as the language of religion,and the Inca religion had prepared the Andean peoples for Christianity. In 1596,still under house arrest,he traveled to Spain. He died there in 1597.
Peruvians are the citizens of Peru. What is now Peru has been inhabited for several millennia by cultures such as the Caral before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Peruvian population decreased from an estimated 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases carried by the Spanish. Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers in 1532 under colonial rule,mixing widely with each other and with Native Peruvians. During the Republic,there has been a gradual immigration of European people. Chinese and Japanese arrived in large numbers at the end of the 19th century.
The Cusco School or Cuzco School,was a Roman Catholic artistic tradition based in Cusco,Peru during the Colonial period,in the 16th,17th and 18th centuries. It was not limited to Cusco only,but spread to other cities in the Andes,as well as to present day Ecuador and Bolivia.
Quyllurit'i or Qoyllur Rit'i is a syncretic religious festival held annually at the Sinakara Valley in the southern highlands Cusco Region of Peru. Local indigenous people of the Andes know this festival as a native celebration of the stars. In particular they celebrate the reappearance of the Pleiades constellation,known in Quechua as Qullqa, or "storehouse," and associated with the upcoming harvest and New Year. The Pleiades disappears from view in April and reappears in June. The new year is marked by indigenous people of the Southern Hemisphere on the Winter Solstice in June,and it is also a Catholic festival. The people have celebrated this period of time for hundreds if not thousands of years. The pilgrimage and associated festival was inscribed in 2011 on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II was an uprising by cacique-led Aymara,Quechua,and mestizo rebels aimed at overthrowing Spanish colonial rule in Peru. The causes of the rebellion included opposition to the Bourbon Reforms,an economic downturn in colonial Peru and a grassroots revival of Inca cultural identity led by Túpac Amaru II,an indigenous cacique and the leader of the rebellion. While Amaru II was captured and executed by the Spanish in 1781,the rebellion continued for at least another year under other rebel leaders.
Afro-Chileans are Chilean people of African descent. They may be descendants of slaves who were brought to the Chile via the trans-Atlantic slave trade,or recent migrants from other parts of Latin America,the Caribbean or Africa.
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