.450 Nitro Express

Last updated
.450 Nitro Express
450 NE 3.25 sketch.gif
TypeRifle cartridge
Place of origin United Kingdom
Production history
Designer John Rigby & Company
Designed1898
Produced1898–present
Specifications
Parent case .450 Black Powder Express
Case type Rimmed, straight
Bullet diameter.458 in (11.6 mm)
Neck diameter.481 in (12.2 mm)
Base diameter.545 in (13.8 mm)
Rim diameter.624 in (15.8 mm)
Rim thickness.042 in (1.1 mm)
Case length3.25 in (83 mm)
Overall length3.95 in (100 mm)
Case capacity130.0  gr H2O (8.42 cm3)
Rifling twist1-15 in (381 mm)
Primer typeBoxer/Berdan
Maximum pressure44,237 psi (305.00 MPa)
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/typeVelocityEnergy
465 gr (30 g) Lead2,150 ft/s (660 m/s)4,770 ft⋅lbf (6,470 J)
480 gr (31 g) Lead2,150 ft/s (660 m/s)4,930 ft⋅lbf (6,680 J)
500 gr (32 g) 2,150 ft/s (660 m/s)5,133 ft⋅lbf (6,959 J)
Source(s): "Cartridges of the World" 500gr load specified by ADI-Powders [1]

.450 Nitro Express also known as the .450 Nitro Express 31⁄4-inch is a rifle cartridge designed for hunting dangerous game such as elephant, rhino, cape buffalo, lion, and leopard. This cartridge is used almost exclusively in double rifles for hunting in the tropics or hot climates in general and is associated with the Golden Age of African safaris and Indian shikars.

Contents

Development

The .450 Nitro Express was the first Nitro Express cartridge, developed around 1898 by John Rigby. This cartridge was based on the then popular .450 Black Powder Express case with 70 grains (5 g) of Cordite and a 480-grain (31 g) jacketed bullet. Muzzle velocity is listed at 2,150 feet per second (655 m/s) with 4,909 ft⋅lbf (6,656 J) of muzzle energy. This straight case has a length of 3.25 in (83 mm) with a .624 in (15.8 mm) rim. [1]

Early cartridges used the black powder case that was designed for around 22,000 psi and not the 34,000 psi that the Cordite load generated. Case extraction was difficult, especially in warmer climates such as Africa and India where the cartridge was primarily used. To remedy this problem, a reinforced case was produced and Kynoch made a reduced load to lower the case pressure. Another problem lay in the sensitivity of Cordite, loads developed in the cool British climate performed differently in the tropical heat of Africa and India, resulting in excessive pressures. The manufacturers responded by developing "tropical loads" with reduced propellant. [2]

These initial problems led to Holland & Holland developing the .500/450 Nitro Express and Eley Brothers developing the .450 No 2 Nitro Express, both of which offered very similar performance to the original .450 Nitro Express. By the time these two cartridges appeared, the early issues with the .450 Nitro Express had been resolved, and it quickly became the most popular and widely used dangerous-game hunting round. [2]

Following the British Army 1907 ban of .450 caliber ammunition into India and the Sudan, instead of developing their own replacement, Rigby adopted Joseph Lang's .470 Nitro Express as their standard double rifle cartridge. [1] By the time the ban was lifted the .470 NE had largely supplanted the .450 NE as the industry's most popular elephant cartridge, and Mauser's Gewehr 98 bolt actioned rifles offered cheaper alternatives to the expensive double rifles required by the Nitro Express cartridges.[ citation needed ]

World War I service

In 1914 and early 1915, German snipers were engaging British Army positions with impunity from behind steel plates that were impervious to .303 British ball ammunition. In an attempt to counter this threat, the British War Office purchased 62 large-bore sporting rifles from British rifle makers, including 47 of .450 caliber rifles, which were issued to regiments, some British officers also supplied their own. [3]

On one notable occasion, Richard "Dickie" Cooper brought down three Albatros D.III fighters from Ernst Udet's squadron, Jagdstaffel 15, with his Holland & Holland .450 Nitro Express big-game double rifle. Cooper is recorded as saying: "I aimed well ahead of the leader. He came down like a pheasant, as did the one that followed, and I had time to reload and fire again at the third before he passed over - he also crashed." [3]

Users

Prominent users of the .450 Nitro Express include Agnes Herbert, Arthur H. Neumann, Major Chauncey H. Stigand and Denys Finch Hatton; the latter had a gunsmith rebarrel his .475 No 2 Nitro Express Lancaster double rifle into .450 Nitro Express as it was easier to find ammunition. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

See also

Related Research Articles

The .416 Rigby is a rifle cartridge designed in 1911 by London based gunmaker John Rigby & Company, for hunting dangerous game. It is the first cartridge to use a bullet of .416 inch diameter. The rifles, as built by John Rigby & Co., were initially made up on the Magnum Mauser 98 action, although in later years, some were made on standard length actions, a perfect example being the rifle used by legendary professional hunter Harry Selby. Other famous users of the cartridge were Commander David Enderby Blunt, John Taylor, and Jack O'Connor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitro Express</span> British cartridge family

The Nitro Express (NE) series of cartridges are used in large-bore hunting rifles, also known as elephant guns or express rifles, but later came to include smaller bore high velocity British cartridges.

The .600 Nitro Express is a large bore Nitro Express rifle cartridge developed by W.J. Jeffery & Co for the purpose of hunting large game such as elephant.

The .577 Nitro Express is a large-bore centerfire rifle cartridge designed for the purpose of hunting large game such as elephant. This cartridge is used almost exclusively in single-shot and double express rifles for hunting in the Tropics or hot climates in general and is a cartridge associated with the golden age of African safaris and Indian shikars.

The .500/450 Magnum Nitro Express is a large bore centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Holland & Holland.

The .476 Nitro Express, also known as the .476 Westley Richards, is a British rifle cartridge introduced by Westley Richards around 1907.

The .475 No 2 Nitro Express is a British rifle cartridge developed by Eley Brothers in the early 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.577/500 No. 2 Black Powder Express</span> Rifle cartridge

The .577/500 No. 2 Black Powder Express, also known as the 12.7mm British No. 2, is a British centerfire fire rifle cartridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.500 Nitro Express</span> UK large hunting rifle cartridge

The .500 Nitro Express is a rifle cartridge designed for hunting large and dangerous game animals in Africa and India. This cartridge was primarily designed for use in double rifles though various single shots were produced on the Farquarson action and at least one major company (Heym) produced it in bolt-action configuration. It was commonly available in two lengths: a 3.00 in (76 mm) and a 3.25 in (83 mm) version.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.500 Black Powder Express</span> Rifle cartridge

The .500 Black Powder Express was a series of Black powder cases of varying lengths that emerged in the 1860s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.450/400 Nitro Express</span>

The .450/400 Nitro Express is a Nitro Express rifle cartridge that is produced in three case lengths: 23⁄8-inches, 3 inches and 31⁄4-inches, and is intended for use in single shot and double rifles. The 3-inch and 31⁄4-inch versions are considered classic Nitro Express cartridges.

The .400 Jeffery Nitro Express or .450/400 Nitro Express 3-inch is a medium bore, bottlenecked, Nitro Express cartridge designed by W.J. Jeffery & Co in 1902, intended for use in single shot and double rifles.

The .333 Jeffery and .333 Jeffery Flanged are medium-bore rifle cartridges developed by W.J. Jeffery & Co and introduced in 1908.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.318 Westley Richards</span> UK centerfire rifle cartridge

The .318 Westley Richards, also known as the .318 Rimless Nitro Express and the .318 Accelerated Express, is a proprietary medium bore centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Westley Richards.

The .350 Rigby and .350 Rigby No 2 are proprietary medium bore rifle cartridges developed by John Rigby & Company.

The .450 No 2 Nitro Express, also known as the .450 Nitro Express 31⁄2-inch, was developed by Eley Brothers in 1903.

The .400/350 Nitro Express, also known at the .400/350 Nitro Rigby, is a medium bore rifle cartridge developed by John Rigby & Company.

The .450 Black Powder Express, also known as the .450 31⁄4-inch BPE, was a popular black powder cartridge in the late 19th and early 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.450/400 Black Powder Express</span>

The .450/400 Black Powder Express cartridges were black powder rifle cartridges introduced in the United Kingdom in the 1880s.

The .400 Purdey, also known as the .400 3-inch Straight and .400 Purdey Light Express 3-inch, is an obsolete rifle cartridge developed by James Purdey & Sons.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Frank C. Barnes, Cartridges of the World, ed 13, Gun Digest Books, Iola, 2012, ISBN   9781440230592.
  2. 1 2 Charlie Haley, "The .450 Nitro Express", soulofacarp.com, retrieved 31 December 2014.
  3. 1 2 Douglas Tate, "Sporting guns that went to war", The Field Magazine, Vol 324 No 7321, August 2014, pp 100–103.
  4. ↑ Edgar N. Barclay, Big game shooting records: together with biographical notes and anecdotes on the most prominent big game hunters of ancient and modern times, H. F. & G. Witherby, London, 1932.
  5. ↑ Alexandra Henton, "Shotguns and rifles are more than sporting items...they carry the wear and tear of history", thefield.co.uk, retrieved 17 December 2017.
  6. ↑ Agnes Herbert, Two Dianas in Alaska , John Lane, London & New York, 1908.
  7. ↑ Holt's Auctioneers, "The Hon. Denys Finch Hatton big game rifle", holtsauctioneers.com, retrieved 17 December 2017.
  8. ↑ Denis D. Lyell, The African elephant and its hunters, Heath Cranton Ltd, London, 1924.
  9. ↑ Captain C.H. Stigand, Hunting the elephant in Africa: and other recollections of thirteen years wanderings , The Macmillan Company, New York, 1913.
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