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 Nigeriaportal |
Partial general elections were held in Nigeria in 1943, with only two of the four elected seats available.
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| Nigeriaportal |
Partial general elections were held in Nigeria in 1943, with only two of the four elected seats available.
The previous general elections had been held in 1938. However, since the elections, two by-elections had been held; one in 1940 following the death of Olayinka Alakija and one in 1941 after Kofo Abayomi resigned from the Legislative Council.
Rather than hold fresh elections for all four seats, elections were held for the two seats whose members had served their full five year terms since 1942; the Calabar seat held by Okon Efiong and the Lagos seat held by H. S. A. Thomas. The appointed seats were also refreshed.
The 1922 Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council provided for a 46-member Legislative Council, of which 23 were ex-officio officials, four were nominated officials, up to 15 were appointed unofficial members and four were elected (three in Lagos and one in Calabar). [1] [2] The 23 ex officio officials included the Governor, the Chief Secretary and their deputy, the Lieutenant Governors and secretaries of the Northern and Southern Provinces, the Attorney General, the Commandant of the Nigerian Regiment, the Director of Medical Services, the Treasurer, the Director of Marine, the Comptroller of Customs, the Secretary of Native Affairs, together with ten senior residents. [3]
The franchise was restricted to men aged 21 or over who were British subjects or a native of Nigeria who had lived in their municipal area for the 12 months prior to the election, and who earned at least £100 in the previous calendar year. The right to vote was withheld from those who had been convicted of a crime and sentenced to death, hard labour or prison for more than a year, or were of "unsound mind". [4] Only 341 people registered in Calabar, although the population of the town was 16,653 according to the 1931 census. [5]
All eligible voters could also run as candidates unless they had an undischarged bankruptcy, had received charitable relief in the previous five years or were a public servant. [6] Candidates were required to obtain the nomination of at least three registered voters and pay a £10 deposit. [4] The term of the Legislative Council was five years. [7]
The Calabar seat was contested for the first time since 1923. The incumbent Efiong was challenged by Gage Hewett Hall O'Dwyer and Otu Bassey Otu, with all three running as independents. A merchant of paternal Sierra Leone Creole ancestry and maternal Efik provenance, O'Dwyer was a member of the Calabar Township Advisory Board, head of the Calabar branch of the African Chamber of Commerce and the town's Special Constabulary. Otu was a chief who worked as a teacher and money lender. [8] Efiong was popular amongst the local electorate and was supported by local chiefs, whilst O'Dwyer's heritage (although his mother was an Efik, his father was from Sierra Leone) counted against him. [8]
The one Lagos seat was uncontested as E. A. Akerele was the only candidate. Akerele was a former vice-president of the Nigerian Union of Young Democrats, but ran as an independent.
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independents | 196 | 100.00 | 2 | +1 | |
| Total | 196 | 100.00 | 2 | –2 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 341 | – | |||
| Source: Tamuno | |||||
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independents | 196 | 100 | 2 | +1 |
| Invalid/blank votes | – | – | – | |
| Total | 196 | 100 | 2 | –2 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 341 | – | – | |
| Source: Tamuno | ||||
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Okon Efiong | Independent | 122 | 62.24 | |
| Gage Hewett Hall O'Dwyer | Independent | 73 | 37.24 | |
| Otu Bassey Otu | Independent | 1 | 0.51 | |
| Total | 196 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 341 | – | ||
| Source: Tamuno | ||||
The Governor appointed 13 unofficial members to the Legislative Council, of which four were Europeans (down from seven in 1938) and nine were Africans (an increase from eight). The four Europeans represented the mining sector and the commercial interests of Kano, Lagos and Port Harcourt, with the banking, shipping and Calabar seats left vacant. [9] The nine Africans represented British Cameroons, the Colony of Lagos, Ijebu, Ondo Oyo Province, Rivers district, the Egba, Ibibio and the Ibo, whilst the Benin and Warri seat was left vacant. [9] After losing the election in Calabar, G H H Dwyer was appointed as the Ibibio member. [8]
| Constituency | Member |
|---|---|
| Elected members | |
| Calabar | Okon Efiong |
| Lagos | E. A. Akerele |
| Jibril Martin (elected in 1940) | |
| Ernest Ikoli (elected in 1941) | |
| Nominated African members | |
| British Cameroons | John Manga Williams |
| Colony | T A Ogunbiyi |
| Egba | O Moore |
| Ibibio | G H H O'Dwyer |
| Ibo | E N Egbuna |
| Ijebu | Nathaniel Olusoga |
| Ondo | L A Lennon |
| Oyo Province | Akinpelu Obisesan |
| Rivers district | S B Rhodes |
| Nominated commercial members | |
| Mining | H H W Boyes (Associated Tin Mines) |
| Kano | W T Gates |
| Lagos | J F. Winter (John Holt) |
| Port Harcourt | F Edmondson |
| Source: Wheare | |
By-elections were held in Lagos in 1945 and 1946 to replace Jibril Martin and Ernest Ikoli (who had been elected in the 1940 and 1941 by-elections respectively) when their five-year terms expired. [10]
Efik mythology consists of a collection of myths narrated, sung or written down by the Efik people and passed down from generation to generation. Sources of Efik mythology include bardic poetry, art, songs, oral tradition and proverbs. Stories concerning Efik myths include creation myths, supernatural beings, mythical creatures, and warriors. Efik myths were initially told by Efik people and narrated under the moonlight. Myths, legends and historical stories are known in Efik as Mbụk while moonlight plays in Efik are known as Mbre Ọffiọñ.
Cross River State is a state in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Named for the Cross River, the state was formed from the eastern part of the Eastern Region on 27 May 1967. Its capital is Calabar, it borders to the north through Benue state, to the west through Ebonyi state and Abia state, and to the southwest through Akwa Ibom state, while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon. Originally known as the South-Eastern State before being renamed in 1976, Cross River state formerly included the area that is now Akwa Ibom state, which became a distinct state in 1987.
Calabar is the capital city of Cross River State, Nigeria. It was originally named Akwa Akpa, in the Efik language, as the Efik people dominated this area. The city is adjacent to the Calabar and Great Kwa rivers, and the creeks of the Cross River.
The Eastern Region was an administrative region in Nigeria, dating back originally from the division of the colony Southern Nigeria in 1954. Its first capital was Calabar. The capital was later moved to Enugu and the second capital was Umuahia. The region was officially divided in 1967 into three new states, the East-Central State, Rivers State and South-Eastern State. East-Central State had its capital at Enugu, which is now part of Enugu State.
The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue–Congo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku.
Chief Theophilus Adebayo Doherty was a Nigerian businessman and politician.
Duke Town, originally known as Atakpa, is an Efik city-state that flourished in the 19th century in what is now southern Nigeria. The City State extended from now Calabar to Bakassi in the east and Oron to the west. Although it is now absorbed into Nigeria, traditional rulers of the state are still recognized. The state occupied what is now the modern city of Calabar.
EfikEF-ik is the indigenous language of the Efik people, who are situated in the present-day Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state of Nigeria, as well as in the North-West of Cameroon. The Efik language is mutually intelligible with other lower Cross River languages such as Ibibio, Annang, Oro and Ekid but the degree of intelligibility in the case of Oro and Ekid is unidirectional; in other words, speakers of these languages speak and understand Efik but not vice versa. The Efik vocabulary has been enriched and influenced by external contact with the British, Portuguese and other surrounding communities such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua).
The Hope Waddell Training Institution (HOWAD) is a school in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria founded by missionaries from the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland in 1895. It is named after the Reverend Hope Masterton Waddell.
General elections were held in Nigeria for the first time on 20 September 1923. The Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) won three of the four elected seats in the Legislative Council.
General elections were held in Nigeria on 28 September 1928. The Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) won three of the four elected seats in the Legislative Council.
General elections were held in Nigeria in 1933. The Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) won three of the four elected seats in the Legislative Council.
General elections were held in Nigeria on 21 October 1938. The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) won three of the four elected seats in the Legislative Council, defeating the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), which had won every election since 1923.
A by-election was held for the Lagos seat in the Legislative Council of Nigeria in December 1945 to replace Jibril Martin of the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM). It was won by Abubakar Olorun-Nimbe of the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP).
General elections were held in Nigeria in 1947. The Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) won three of the four elected seats in the Legislative Council.
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Efik literature is literature spoken or written in the Efik language, particularly by Efik people or speakers of the Efik language. Traditional Efik literature can be classified as follows; Ase, Uto, Mbụk, Ñke and Ikwọ. Other aspects of Efik literature include prose and drama (Mbre).
Nyong Essien Akpan Efio-Iwat Effembe Ebit Akpan Amaide Oku, traditional ruler, teacher, retired civil servant; Born on 9 November 1872, died 15 October 1976. He was 1st representative of Old Calabar Province in the Legislative Council in Lagos. 1st President of Eastern Regional House of Chiefs, Eastern Region, Nigeria. 1st installed President of Ibibio Union. 1st officially recognized Paramount Ruler of Uyo and 1st Nsom of Uruan. Chief Nyong Essien, was one of the pillars of Nigerian nationalism. He sat with the best at the table on which Nigeria's independence was being negotiated at home and abroad. In other words, the flamboyant chief was one of the prime architects of Nigeria's independence. Chief Nyong Essien in his own right has a unique place in the annals of Nigerian statesmen. He was fearless, vocal, persistent, broad minded and nationalistic in his approach. He intellectually fought for the enhancement of the traditional institutions of his people. Above all the high positions he occupied, Chief Nyong Essien abhorred corruption and refused to use his lofty and enviable positions he was privileged to hold, to acquire wealth as many would do.
The Efik calendar is the traditional calendar system of the Efik people located in present-day Nigeria. The calendar consisted of 8 days in a week (urua). Each day was dedicated to a god or goddess greatly revered in the Efik religion. It also consisted of festivals many of which were indefinite. Definite festivals were assigned on specific periods during the year while indefinite festivals or ceremonies occurred due to certain social or political circumstances.
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