2009 in archaeology

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The year 2009 in archaeology

Excavations

• February: Community excavation at Jacksdale in the Nottinghamshire coalfield of England. ^[1]

Finds

• January
  • The remains of a female mummy thought to be Queen Sesheshet are found in a recently discovered pyramid in Saqqara, Egypt. ^[2]
  • Malaysian archaeologists report the discovery of seven stone axes possibly dating back 1.8 million years, which would make these the oldest stone axes known. ^[3]
  • An archaeologist from the University of Pennsylvania reports the discovery of traces of a ritual dating back to 1200 BCE at Mount Lykaoin, in Greece. ^[4]
  • Archaeologists in China report the discovery of the oldest cave-houses known. The houses were discovered near Xi'an, date back some 5,500 years and were created by the Yangshao culture. ^[5]
  • A study published in the Journal of Archaeological Science claims the discovery of the oldest human hairs in coprolites found in South Africa. The hairs are between 195.000 and 257.000 years old. ^[6]
• February
  • Over 20 mummies are discovered at Saqqara, in Egypt. The tomb is remarkably intact, and dates to the 7th century BCE. ^[7]
  • New finds at an Indus Valley civilization site in Pakistan, dated to about 4000 years ago through radiocarbon dating done at the Dutch University of Groningen, link the site to the city of Mohenjo-daro. The finds seem to indicate that Mohenjo-Daro flourished longer than previously thought. ^[8]
  • Archaeologists in Mexico City report the late 2008 discovery of an Aztec mass grave dating to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. The site, Tlatelolco, is unusual because the grave seems to have been dug by Aztecs, acting on the orders of Europeans. ^{[9] [10]}
  • British archaeologists report the discovery of one of the oldest watermills known in the country. The mill, dating to the late 12th century, is located along the Thames. ^[11]
  • Researchers announce the discovery of a large amount of fossils near the La Brea Tar Pits in the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. Among the finds is a mammoth skeleton, much more complete than earlier mammoths encountered at the pits. ^[12]
  • Previously unpublished fragments of the Turin King List are discovered in the basement of the Museo Egizio in Turin, Italy. The fragments may shed more light on the history of Ancient Egypt. A new, more complete, publication of the papyrus is expected. ^{[13] [14]}
• March
  • A Belgian expedition reports the rediscovery of an Egyptian tomb dating to the 18th dynasty. The tomb belongs to a high-ranking official in the court of the powerful Pharaoh Thutmose III. While previously discovered in 1880, the site was subsequently lost under the sand. ^[15]
  • The discovery of a royal tomb at Saqqara, Egypt is announced by a Japanese team of archaeologists. The grave is suspected to have belonged to Isisnofret, the granddaughter of Pharaoh Ramesses II of the nineteenth dynasty of Egypt. ^{[16] [17]}
  • While searching for debris caused by Hurricane Ike, contractors using sonar discover the shipwreck of what is believed to be the Carolina in the Gulf of Mexico. The ship sank in 1864. ^[18]
  • Odyssey Marine Exploration announce discovery of the wreck of RMS Laconia (1911) (torpedoed 1917) 6 mi (9.7 km) northwest of Fastnet Rock. ^[19]
  • 19th march: a IVth century early Christian tomb has been discovered during works for a sewage system in località Trentola, Marcianise. ^[20]
• June
  • Archaeologists in Groningen, the Netherlands, unearth c. 400 silver coins from the early 16th century. The discovery is one of the largest coin treasures ever found in the Netherlands. ^{[21] [22]}
  • Archaeologists in the Dutch city of Utrecht discover a 17-meters long Roman wall under the square in front of the Dom Tower of Utrecht. It is the largest extant wall of a castellum discovered in the Netherlands. ^[23]
  • The Dutch Minister of Education, Culture and Science, Ronald Plasterk, unveils "Krijn". This is the first Neanderthal fossil discovered in the Netherlands. The find was made in the North Sea and announced at the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities. The discovery prompted numerous scientists and institutions to express hope for better government protection of archaeological remains in the North Sea. ^{[24] [25]}
  • Ridgeway Hill Viking burial pit a suspected massacre, was discovered near Weymouth, Dorset during road construction works. ^[26]
  • 9 June: Archaeologists announce that they have discovered a Neolithic burial complex at Damerham in the south of England. ^[27]
• 5 July: In England, metal detectorist Terry Herbert discovers the Staffordshire Hoard, the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold yet found. ^{[28] [29]}
• August: In England, a metal detectorist discovers the Shrewsbury Hoard, a hoard of about 10,000 Roman coins. ^[30]
• 11 August: Archaeologists announce that they have discovered a royal tomb from the early Bronze Age at Forteviot in Scotland. ^[31]
• 14 August: Archaeologists announce that they have discovered a Neolithic temple in the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site. ^[32]
• 29 September: In Scotland, a metal detectorist discovers the Stirling torcs. ^[33]
• 17 December: Archaeologists announce that they have found man-made structures on the sea-bed off the island of Damsay, Orkney. ^[34]
• 20 December: Discovery of AHS Centaur off Queensland is announced. ^[35]
• Late: A wreck, perhaps from the Spanish Armada, is found off Rutland Island, County Donegal. ^[36]
• Undated: Swedish Maritime Administration side-scan sonar in the Baltic Sea locates a wreck, identified in 2019 as belonging to a date around 1500. ^[37]

Events

• January: A new analysis of old excavation reports, combined with newly done fieldwork, leads researches to conclude that the Sassanid Persian besiegers used poison gas against the Roman defenders during the Fall of Dura Europos. ^[38] The gas, made by adding sulfur crystals and bitumen to prepared fires, was used in tunnels undermining the walls. Almost two dozen Roman soldiers were killed.
• February: Egypt renews its request for the return of the famous bust of Nefertiti from the Egyptian Museum of Berlin in Germany, after an article by Der Spiegel reports that German archaeologists deceived Egyptians about the worth of the piece after its initial discovery. ^[39]
• February: Bulgarian archaeologists report that looters have plundered a partially excavated Roman site near Rousse. ^[40]
• February: Experimental archaeology on replicas of the cannons found on a sunken Elizabethan warship indicate that the British employed revolutionary naval tactics at the time, explaining the rise of British marine power during the 16th century. ^[41]
• February: An auction at Christie's in Paris, France, makes a record-breaking 370 million euros (US$490 million). The auction sells of the private collection of Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Bergé, which includes Greek and Roman sculptures. The selling of two Chinese bronze pieces is controversial. They were looted in the 19th century, prompting China to demand restitution. ^{[42] [43]}
• 20 June: The Acropolis Museum in Athens is officially opened. ^[44]
• July: The University of Manchester Archaeology Unit is closed ^[45]

Publications

• January: A publication in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences finds no evidence of a single event causing many simultaneous fires throughout North America nearly 13,000 years ago, contradicting the theory that a comet explosion may have caused the Quaternary extinction event. ^[46]
• February: The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany publishes the first draft of the Neanderthal genome, covering 63% of the 3.2 billion base pairs. ^[47]
• February: A publication in Science discusses the results from a study into over a dozen early hominid footprints, discovered over the last couple of years in Kenya. The prints date back 1.5 million years and were most likely produced by several individuals of the species Homo erectus. The results confirm that hominids evolved a modern walking gait even before Homo sapiens existed. ^[48]
• March: British archaeologists publishing in Science lay out new evidence confirming that the Botai culture in prehistoric Kazakhstan may have been the first to domesticate horses, during the 4th millennium BC. ^{[49] [50]}
• March: At a conference in Rome, scientists report that a new analysis of frescoes in the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi reveals that they were covered in cow's milk. The milk was used as a binder for the paint. The fragments were analyzed as part of a restoration project, after a 1997 earthquake caused part of the vault to collapse. ^[51]
• Mark S. Anderson – Marothodi: the historical archaeology of an African capital (Atikkam). ^[52]
• Ann Garrison Darrin and Beth Laura O'Leary – Handbook of space engineering, archaeology and heritage. ^[53]
• Vincent Gaffney, Simon Fitch and David Smith – Europe’s Lost World: the Rediscovery of Doggerland (Council for British Archaeology). ^[54]

Deaths

• 23 February - Alan Vince, British archaeologist (b. 1952) ^[55]
• 16 August - Mualla Eyüboğlu, Turkish restoration architect (b. 1919)

References

1. Gillott, Emily (2010). "A cast iron legacy". In Belford, Paul; et al. (eds.). Footprints of Industry. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 107–14. ISBN   978-1-4073-0727-5.
2. Mummy of female pharaoh uncovered, by the BBC retrieved 9 February 2009
3. Malaysia says 1.8 million-year-old axes unearthed, by the Associated Press retrieved 11 February 2009
4. New evidence of the cult of Zeus is 3,200 years old, by The Philadelphia Inquirer retrieved 14 February 2009
5. China Exclusive: Archaeologists unearth earliest man-made cave houses, by the Xinhua News Agency retrieved 14 February 2009
6. Oldest Human Hair Found in Hyena Poop Fossil?, by National Geographic retrieved 11 February 2009
7. Chamber of mummies found in Egypt, by the BBC retrieved 9 February 2009
8. 3,960 yr old organic material found in Pakistan points to continuity of Indus Valley civilization Archived 28 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine , by Thaindian News retrieved 14 February 2009
9. Aztec 'warrior' mass grave found, by the BBC retrieved 14 February 2009
10. Mexico mass grave may be Aztec resistance fighters, by the Associated Press retrieved 14 February 2009
11. Archaeologists dig up rare medieval waterwheel ^{[ permanent dead link ]}, by the East London Advertiser retrieved 18 February 2009
12. Major cache of fossils unearthed in L.A., by the Los Angeles Times retrieved 18 February 2009
13. Fragments of Ancient Egyptian Papyrus Found, by Discovery News retrieved 27 February 2009
14. I faraoni scomparsi nel buco Archived 23 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine , by La Stampa retrieved 27 February 2009
15. Ancient tomb rediscovered under sands of Egypt, by the Associated Press retrieved 2 March 2009
16. ‘Royal granddaughter’s tomb’ found near Cairo, by The Times retrieved 4 March 2009
17. Des archéologues japonais affirment avoir découvert le tombeau d'une princesse égyptienne Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine , by RTL retrieved 4 March 2009
18. Civil War-Era Shipwreck Uncovered by Hurricane Ike, by Fox News Channel retrieved 11 March 2009. Archived 11 September 2009.
19. "Battle for the treasure chest that changed the course of the Great War". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
20. Corriere di Caserta 20/3/2009
21. (in Dutch) Grote muntschat gevonden in Groningen, by De Telegraaf retrieved 5 June 2009. Archived 11 September 2009.
22. (in Dutch) Oude Groningse vuilstort geeft muntschat prijs, by Nederlands Dagblad retrieved 5 June 2009
23. (in Dutch) Romeinse muur ontdekt onder Utrechts Domplein, by NU.nl retrieved 7 June 2009. Archived 11 September 2009.
24. Sea gives up Neanderthal fossil, by the BBC retrieved 16 June 2009
25. (in Dutch) De eerste Nederlandse Neanderthaler, by Leiden University retrieved 16 June 2009. Archived 11 September 2009.
26. "Dismembered skeletons discovered". BBC News. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
27. "Neolithic Age: Prehistoric Complex Including Two 6,000-year-old Tombs Discovered in Britain". Science Daily. 9 June 2009.
28. "Huge Anglo-Saxon gold hoard found". BBC News. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
29. Kennedy, Maev (25 September 2009). "A beep, and Mr Lucky opened the door on a lost world". The Guardian . pp. 6–7.
30. Pett, Daniel (7 September 2009). "Recent discovery of a Roman Coin Hoard in the Shrewsbury Area". Portable Antiquities Scheme. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
31. Keys, David (11 August 2009). "Ancient royal tomb found in Scotland". The Independent . London. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
32. "Neolithic 'temple' revealed at site on Orkney". The Herald . Glasgow. 14 August 2009. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
33. "Scottish treasure trove revealed". BBC News Online. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
34. "Rising seas 'clue' in sunken world off Orkney". BBC News Scotland. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
35. Fogarty, Philippa (30 December 2014). "The search for Australia's lost hospital ship". BBC News Australia. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
36. "The Rutland Island Wreck". Archaeology Ireland: 38–40. Autumn 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
37. Starr, Michelle (23 July 2019). "A 500-Year-Old Shipwreck Has Turned Up Perfectly Intact on Bottom of The Baltic Sea". sciencealert.
38. Earliest Chemical Warfare Felled Roman Fort Archived 3 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine , by Discovery News retrieved 9 February 2009
39. Egyptian Queen in Berlin: Cairo Demands Clarification on Nefertiti Bust, by Der Spiegel retrieved 14 February 2009
40. Roman fortress near Rousse ravished by treasure-hunters, by The Sofia Echo retrieved 14 February 2009
41. 'Superguns' of Elizabeth I's navy, by the BBC retrieved 21 February 2009
42. Yves of destruction: Paris queues ahead of great Saint Laurent sell-off, by The Guardian retrieved 2 March 2009
43. Record-breaking YSL art auction shrugs off crisis, by Reuters retrieved 2 March 2009
44. Beard, Mary (2010). The Parthenon (Rev. ed.). London: Profile. p. 185. ISBN   978-1-84668-349-7.
45. "GMAU News Archive (Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit - The University of Manchester)". Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
46. Mammoth-killing comet questioned, by the BBC retrieved 23 February 2009.
47. Team in Germany maps Neanderthal genome, by the Associated Press retrieved 14 February 2009.
48. Prints Are Evidence of Modern Foot in Prehumans, by The New York Times retrieved 26 February 2009.
49. Horses first domesticated 5,000 years ago, by the Associated Press retrieved 8 March 2009.
50. Hoe het paard tot ons kwam, by de Volkskrant retrieved 8 March 2009. Archived 11 September 2009.
51. Rossella Lorenzi (10 March 2009), Francis Basilica Frescoes Bound With Milk, Discovery News, archived from the original on 8 October 2012
52. Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Fleisher, Jeffrey (2015). Theory in Africa, Africa in Theory: Locating Meaning in Archaeology. Routledge. ISBN   9781317506829.
53. CRC Press. ISBN   9781420084313.
54. Bailey, Geoff (2010). "Europe's Lost World: the Rediscovery of Doggerland, by Gaffney Vince, Fitch Simon & Smith David, 2009. York: Council for British Archaeology. (CBA Research Report 160.); ISBN 978-1-902771-77-9, paperback £12 & US$30; xxi+202 pp., many col. pls., 119 figs". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 20 (1): 145–146. doi:10.1017/S095977431000017X. S2CID   161368587 . Retrieved 21 November 2017.
55. Lohman, Jack (28 April 2009). "Alan Vince - Obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2017.