2012 Catalan independence demonstration

Last updated

2012 Catalan independence demonstration
La Union i el Fenix P1160234.JPG
View of the demonstration running through Passeig de Gràcia in front of La Unión and el Fénix Building.
Date11 September 2012 (2012-09-11)
Location
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

41°23′07″N2°10′36″E / 41.3854°N 2.1767°E / 41.3854; 2.1767
Caused byIncrease of Catalan independentism boosted by the Spanish Constitutional Court banning some articles of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia in 2010 and the 2008–13 Spanish financial crisis [1] [2] [3]
Goals Independence of Catalonia
Methods Protest march, street protest
Protesters going to the march 2012 Catalan independence protest (102).JPG
Protesters going to the march
A big estelada (Catalan independentist flag) unfurled from the building of a radio station at Passeig de Gracia Fanals-Banc P1150940.JPG
A big estelada (Catalan independentist flag) unfurled from the building of a radio station at Passeig de Gràcia

The 2012 Catalan independence demonstration was a protest which occurred in central Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain, on 11 September 2012 during the National Day of Catalonia. [4] [5] [6] The protestors demanded the independence of Catalonia and its establishment as a sovereign state under the slogan "Catalonia, new state in Europe" (Catalan : "Catalunya, nou estat d'Europa"). [7] [8] [9] It was organized by the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) and headed together with the Association of Municipalities for Independence as the most prominent of a series of events known as "March towards Independence" (Catalan : "Marxa cap a la Independència") which began on 30 June 2012 in Lleida. [10] [11]

Contents

The estimated number of participants ranges widely, from 600,000 people quoted by some media, [12] statisticians such as Llorenç Badiella from the Autonomous University of Barcelona [13] or the delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia [14] [15] [16] to 1.5 million according to Catalan public sources such as Barcelona's Municipal Police or Catalonia's Department of the Interior, with a maximum estimate of about 2 million according to the organizers. [12]

The city centre was crowded for hours and it was feared that the massive influx of people was going to bring mobile phone networks to a standstill. [17] [18] Many newspapers and other news agencies described it as a "historic" demonstration and considered it to be the biggest protest march ever held in Catalonia since the restoration of democracy in Spain, [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] surpassing other major demonstrations, including the 2010 Catalan autonomy protest. [25] [26]

Background

The 2010 Catalan autonomy protest was a demonstration held in central Barcelona on 10 July 2010 against the limits set to the autonomy of Catalonia within Spain, and particularly against a then recent decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court to annul or reinterpret several articles of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia. [26] The estimates regarding the number of people taking part in the demonstration ranged widely, from 425,000 estimated by some media [27] to 1.1 million according to the local police, with a maximum estimate of 1.5 million according to the organisers. [28] [29] A private company specialising in reporting demonstration attendance numbers, Lynce, made an estimate of 56,000–74,400 by measuring a single street at 20h30, 15 minutes after the demonstration had finished, [30] judging from the circumstances and other estimates in the hundreds of thousands, this was likely a gross understimate.

The mobilisation was described as "unprecedented" by the mayor of Barcelona. [31] Barcelona daily El Periódico de Catalunya described it as "without a doubt one of the biggest protest marches that have ever occurred in Catalonia, and possibly the biggest". [28]

The demonstration was led by a banner with the Catalan slogan Som una nació. Nosaltres decidim. (in English, "We are a nation. We decide."). [32]

Changes in government

Several analysts believe that the demonstration on 10 July was a turning point in relations between Catalonia and Spain. [33] An election to the Catalan Government was held on 28 November 2010 with Artur Mas (CiU) emerging as president.

A general election was held in Spain the following year in which the People's Party won an absolute majority with 187 of the 350 seats in the chamber. Party leader Mariano Rajoy was sworn in as president of the Spanish Tenth Legislature shortly afterwards.

Public response

Catalonia saw several local referendums for independence take place in hundreds of villages between 13 September 2009 and April 2011, with an overwhelming number of "yes" votes being cast. However, turnout was low at 27.41%.

Several citizens' initiatives arose in 2011 and 2012 in response to perceived slights by Spain, such as the No vull pagar ("I don't want to pay") campaign, which protested against toll fees by private companies present in Catalonia that were seen as abusive compared with those in other parts of Spain. The protest began in early April 2012 in Catalonia, with minor extensions in Valencia and the Balearic Islands by the following month. [34] [35]

At an institutional level, several municipalities of Catalonia came together to create the Associació de Municipis per la Independència ("Association of Municipalities for Independence"), an organisation officially established on 14 December 2011 in Vic which brings local organisations together to further the national rights of Catalonia and promote its right to self-determination. [36]

Support for independence

Institution/mediaDateYes (%)No (%)
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 1996 [37] 33.653.5
Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials2011 [38] 41.422.9
El Periódico de Catalunya Jan 2012 [39] [40] 53.632.0
Centre d'Estudis d'OpinióMarch 2012 [41] 44.624.7
Centre d'Estudis d'OpinióJune 2012 [42] 51.121.1
Diari Ara Jul 2012 [43] 50.423.8
Telecinco (GESOP)Sep 2012 [44] 50.918.6

Changes in support for independence in Catalonia through time can be seen by comparing the results of a survey conducted by Spain's Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas in 1996, which asked: "Personally, would you support or reject Catalonia becoming independent?" with more recent surveys carried out in 2011 and 2012, revealing the level of support in a referendum on the independence of Catalonia.

Controversies

Demonstration

Route followed by the march Recorregut manifestacio 11 de setembre de 2012.png
Route followed by the march
Via Laietana, Barcelona 11s2012 Via Laietana.JPG
Via Laietana, Barcelona
Marques de l'Argentera street, and the stage, next to the Estacio de Franca Manifestacio "Catalunya, nou estat d'Europa" 3.JPG
Marquès de l'Argentera street, and the stage, next to the Estació de França

Institutional events

During the morning, like every year, wreaths were laid on the monument to Rafael Casanova in Barcelona's Ronda Sant Pere. An official ceremony was then held in Parc de la Ciutadella where, according to government spokesman Francesc Homs, "our national sentiment" and especially "the Catalan language, after the recent attacks" would be celebrated. The event was led by playwright John Ollé and emceed by the previous director of the Catalan public TV, journalist Mònica Terribas. The official ceremony began with a parade by the Catalan police, the Mossos d'Esquadra. Then, the town Capmany—symbolising the "fight against fire" after its comarca of Alt Empordà suffered a serious wildfire this summer—delivered the Catalan flag to President Artur Mas. [56]

During the ceremony, several local bands played songs and read poems by Catalan authors. Portuguese singer Maria de Medeiros performed as guest artist, singing a poem by Ausiàs March, a Valencian medieval author. The Government also commemorated several anniversaries, including those of Antoni Maria Alcover, Montsalvatge, Eduard Toldrà and Pere Calders. The official image of the National Day was a reproduction of the painting The Catalan Spirit (1971), by Antoni Tàpies. [57]

Route

The march officially began at the intersection of Gran Via and Passeig de Gràcia (near Plaça de Catalunya) at 6:00 pm, descending Pau Claris street to the Via Laietana, finally ending, near the Parliament of Catalonia building in the Parc de la Ciutadella, at the intersection of Marquès de l'Argentera street and Passeig de Picasso, where a stage was set up. Núria de Gispert, the President of the Catalan Parliament, received a delegation from the Catalan National Assembly (ANC), the organisers of the march, who called for the process leading to secession from Spain to be started. [58]

Organisation

A banner with the slogan "Catalonia: New European State" led the march. The banner was presented on 5 September in the central Plaça Catalunya, the same day that Carme Forcadell, in the press conference for the presentation, said "The people are prepared, and we need the government and our institutions to take a step forward, because we want a free and sovereign country, we want independence." [59]

The banner was carried by 10 representatives of the territorial regions of the ANC and by 10 representatives of the Association of Municipalities for Independence (AMI). Directly behind them was the president of the ANC, Carme Forcadell and the vicepresident, Carles Castellanos. They were accompanied by Joan Rigol and Ernest Benach. The third group was formed by a group of representatives of both the ANC and the AMI. [60]

Next in the march came the political parties who confirmed that they would attend: (CDC, UDC, ICV, ERC, SI, RI) and other entities like Òmnium Cultural, Plataforma Pro Seleccions, Sobirania i Progrés, and Sobirania i justícia, among others. The Popular Unity Candidates (CUP) and the Independentist Left went ahead with their own demonstration on 11 September and did not participate in the march in an official capacity, while allowing their members to join it if they wanted to. [61]

The other political parties with representation in the regional parliament of Catalonia at the time –PSC, PP and Ciutadans– had refused to participate in demonstration due to its secessionist intent, making it the first time in modern times since these rallies started by the Spanish transition to democracy when not all of the Catalan political parties participated in this kind of rally.

The fifth and largest group was formed by the public.

Attendees

Organisations, municipalities and institutions from all over Catalonia booked buses to bring people to the event. The anticipation of a massive turnout led the organisers to change the route several times. [62] The mayors of Girona, Manresa and Figueres organised special Renfe trains to Barcelona. In addition, over 1000 buses from all over the country were made available to people wishing to travel to the capital to attend the march, which makes it the event with most buses in the history of the country, as confirmed by the City Council of Barcelona. On the same day, a group of bikers held a "motorcycle separatist march" that started from Vic in the morning. As a curious aside, a marathon runner attended the rally by leaving Sant Carles de la Ràpita on 9 September to reach the march running on 11 September. [63]

After the march

Green cards

A green card printed in the Time Out Barcelona supplement of the newspaper Diari Ara three days before the demonstration Cartolina verda- ANC.JPG
A green card printed in the Time Out Barcelona supplement of the newspaper Diari Ara three days before the demonstration
Voting "yes" Voting at 2012 Catalan independence demonstration.PNG
Voting "yes"

At the stage set up at the end of the march, the organisers, the Catalan National Assembly, asked those present several questions. Green cards had been printed in various publications prior to the demonstration and people were asked to bring them along, and to hold them up to vote "yes" to these questions. Cards were also handed out at the event. The aim was to get a photograph with a sea of green voting papers in support of Catalan independence.

We want an image of the Catalan people's desire for freedom, and what better backdrop for this than the door of Parliament?

— Ferran Civit, coordinator of the march. [64]

Concerts

Òmnium Cultural organised the Festa per la Llibertat 2012 ("Party for Freedom 2012") at the end of the march, on a stage set up on Passeig Lluís Companys. The concert, which included the Pastora, Txarango and Brams bands, began at 7:30 pm with writer Màrius Serra as the host. [65]

Responses

The event has marked the Catalan political agenda and the debate about the right to hold a referendum on the independence of Catalonia has been re-opened, [66] [67] [68] [69] as well as the debate about the feasibility of an independent Catalan state and its integration into the European Union. On 25 September 2012, the president of the Generalitat of Catalonia Artur Mas announced snap elections for the Parliament of Catalonia to be held on 25 November and argued, referring to the demonstration, that "the street vocal must be moved to the polls".

On 12 October 2012, during the celebration of the National Day of Spain, an estimated 6,000 people according to Barcelona's Municipal Police up to 65,000 people according to the delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia, rallied at Plaça de Catalunya in central Barcelona against independence as a response to 11 September demonstration. [70] [71] [72]

Following years

The protest was followed in the succeeding years by the Catalan Way (2013), the Catalan Way 2014, the Free Way to the Catalan Republic (2015) and Go ahead, Catalan Republic (2016).

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalan independence movement</span> Catalan independence movement in Spain

The Catalan independence movement is a social and political movement which seeks the independence of Catalonia from Spain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Catalan autonomy protest</span> Political protest on 10 July 2010 in Barcelona

The 2010 Catalan autonomy protest was a demonstration in central Barcelona on 10 July 2010 against limitations of the autonomy of Catalonia, and particularly against a recent decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court to annul or reinterpret several articles of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia. The number of people taking part in the demonstration was estimated at between 1.1 million and 1.5 million, while Madrid-based newspaper El País estimated the number of demonstrators at 425,000. The mobilisation was described as "unprecedented" by the mayor of Barcelona. The Barcelona daily newspaper El Periódico de Catalunya described it as "without a doubt one of the biggest protest marches that has ever occurred in Catalonia, possibly the biggest". It is thought that the 2012 Catalan independence demonstration involved more people, but this protest brought the dispute to light in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Platform for Catalonia</span> Political party in Catalonia

Platform for Catalonia was a far-right political party rooted in Catalonia, Spain, which centred its political agenda around controlling immigration and was opposed to Catalan independence. It was strongly anti-Islamic and was widely considered a racist, xenophobic far-right political force. Its leader was Josep Anglada, town councillor in Vic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assemblea Nacional Catalana</span> Political movement advocating Catalonian independence

The Assemblea Nacional Catalana is an organization that seeks the political independence of Catalonia from Spain. It also promotes the independence of other Catalan-speaking regions, which are collectively known as the Catalan Countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Catalan regional election</span>

The 2012 Catalan regional election was held on Sunday, 25 November 2012, to elect the 10th Parliament of the autonomous community of Catalonia. All 135 seats in the Parliament were up for election. It was a snap election, announced on 25 September by President Artur Mas following the pro-independence demonstration in Barcelona on 11 September—the National Day of Catalonia—and the failed talks between President Mas and Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy to give greater fiscal autonomy to Catalonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Catalan regional election</span> Regional elections of Catalonia

The 2015 Catalan regional election was held on Sunday, 27 September 2015, electing the 11th Parliament of the autonomous community of Catalonia. All 135 seats in the Parliament were up for election. This was the third regional Catalan election in only five years, after the 2010 and 2012 elections and the first one in over 37 years in which Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) and Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC) ran separately, after the dissolution of Convergence and Union (CiU) in June 2015 over disagreements on the coalition's separatist turn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalan Way</span> 2013 political demonstration in Catalonia

The Catalan Way, also known as the Catalan Way towards Independence, was a 400-kilometre (250 mi) human chain in support of Catalan independence from Spain. It was organized by the Assemblea Nacional Catalana (ANC) and supported by 14 nongovernmental groups. It took place in Catalonia on 11 September 2013, which is the National Day of Catalonia, known as Diada. Catalonia's Department of the Interior estimated the number of participants at about 1.6 million. The human chain followed the ancient Via Augusta, from Le Perthus up to Alcanar. According to Carme Forcadell, president of the ANC at that time, it was "a symbol of the unity of Catalan people to achieve national sovereignty".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalan Way 2014</span>

The Catalan Way 2014, or "V", was a large gathering in Barcelona on 11 September 2014, the National Day of Catalonia, in support of the Catalan self-determination referendum of 2014 and of Catalan independence from Spain. It was organized by "Now is the Time", a unified campaign organised and funded by the Assemblea Nacional Catalana (ANC) and the Òmnium Cultural. Two massive senyeres, created by demonstrators wearing red and yellow T-shirts forming a giant human mosaic, filled the Diagonal and the Gran Via, and came together at the vortex in Plaça de les Glòries, forming a giant "V", symbolizing "victory", "vote" and "will". The "V" was 11 kilometers in length and about 200,000 square meters in area. Estimates of the attendance varied: though the Spanish government's office in Catalonia put it at about 500,000, Barcelona's Municipal Police put it at 1.8 million. An independent statistical analysis by the Autonomous University of Barcelona calculated that 900,000 people attended. The organisers, the grassroots Assemblea Nacional Catalana, said it was one of the biggest peaceful mobilizations in European history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Junts pel Sí</span> Political party in Spain

Junts pel Sí was a Catalan electoral, political and parliamentary alliance focused on achieving the independence of Catalonia from Spain. Established ahead of the 2015 Catalan regional election, it was formed by Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Democrats of Catalonia (DC), Left Movement (MES) and Independence Rally (RI.cat), as well as a number of independent personalities from pro-independence sectors of civil society, including the pro-independence organizations Catalan National Assembly, Òmnium and the Association of Municipalities for Independence. The Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) had been invited to participate in the alliance, but refused to do so and ran on its own instead, citing its disagreement with the presence of politicians in the list.

Left Movement of Catalonia is a social-democratic, pro-independence political party in Catalonia. The party was founded in November 2014 from the merger of New Catalan Left (NECat) and Catalonia Movement, which had both been formed by dissident members of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) who were dissatisfied with what they saw as the party's lack of support for the independence movement. Its founders included Marina Geli and Ernest Maragall (NECat), but both have ever since left for other parties—Geli joined the Together for Catalonia alliance ahead of the 2017 Catalan regional election, whereas Maragall defected to Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) in 2018.

The Catalan European Democratic Party, initially branded as the Catalan Democratic Party, was a liberal political party in Spain that supported Catalan independence. The party was founded in Barcelona on 10 July 2016 and dissolved on 28 October 2023. PDeCAT was regarded as the successor party to Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), which for most its history was a constituent party of the Convergence and Union (CiU) political formation.

An independence referendum was held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, passed by the Parliament of Catalonia as the Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia and called by the Generalitat de Catalunya. The referendum, known in the Spanish media by the numeronym 1-O, was declared unconstitutional on 7 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain after a request from the Spanish government, who declared it a breach of the Spanish Constitution. Additionally, in early September the High Court of Justice of Catalonia had issued orders to the police to try to prevent the illegal referendum, including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation. Due to alleged irregularities during the voting process, as well as the use of force by the National Police Corps and Civil Guard, international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volem acollir</span>

The Volem acollir protest was a protest march in Barcelona that took place on 18 February 2017. The purpose of the march was to demand more openness towards refugees and a more active role of the European Union in the European migrant crisis. They planned for it to be the largest protest in Europe and they achieved the goal. The size of the march was estimated at 160,000 by police and 500,000 by organisers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Day for Yes</span>

National Day for Yes was a gathering in Barcelona on 11 September 2017, the National Day of Catalonia, in support of Catalan independence. It was organized by the Catalan National Assembly (ANC), the main civil society organisations behind the massive pro-independence demonstrations held since 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Anubis</span>

The Operation Anubis was a police operation in Catalonia, Spain, initiated on 20 September 2017 by the Civil Guard following orders of the trial court number 13 of Barcelona, directed by judge Juan Antonio Ramírez Sunyer. Its aim was to dismantle the framework of the Catalan independence referendum of 1 October 2017, that was suspended on 6 September 2017 by the Constitutional Court of Spain as breaching the 1978 Constitution. Different headquarters of the Generalitat de Catalunya were searched and 14 people were arrested, including high ranking administrative staff, and company CEO's involved in the preparation of the referendum. Simultaneously, several printing and media companies were searched looking for ballot papers and boxes. More than 140 websites were shut down by the Spanish justice and police.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Societat Civil Catalana</span> Spanish unionist organisation

Societat Civil Catalana is a Spanish unionist organization based in Barcelona. Launched in 2014, SCC seek to counter the Catalan independence movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Together for Catalonia (2017)</span> Political party in Spain

Together for Catalonia was an electoral and parliamentary alliance in Catalonia, registered as a political party in the interior ministry in July 2018, originally envisaged as a platform comprising the Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT), successor of the late Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), and independents and centered around the candidacy of former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont ahead of the 2017 Catalan regional election. Some of these independents went on to form the Action for the Republic (AxR) political party, which is also part of the alliance in the Parliament of Catalonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tabarnia</span> Fictional region of Catalonia

Tabarnia is a fictional region within Catalonia, a satirical parody of the Catalan independence movement and a movement against the independence of Catalonia from Spain. The Tabarnia movement mirrors the independentist movement advocating for a referendum to create a new Spanish autonomous community out of coastal urban parts of Catalonia, a region that gathers most of the population of Catalonia and in which, in general, votes for independentist parties rarely reach 30% of the votes but generates most of the gross domestic product of Catalonia. It would encompass the current Catalan comarques of Maresme, Baix Camp, Baix Penedès, Alt Penedès, Garraf, Baix Llobregat, Barcelonès, Vallès Oriental, Vallès Occidental and Tarragonés.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Together for Catalonia (2020)</span> Political party in Spain

Together for Catalonia is a Catalan political party established in July 2020 by former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont, announced on 2 July as a result of the foundering of negotiations with the Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) over the re-organization of the post-convergent political space under the "Together for Catalonia" umbrella. The party's founding congress took place between 25 July and 3 October, after being launched on 18 July with the public presentation of its imagery and corporate identity by Elsa Artadi and Marta Madrenas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 demonstration against Catalan independence</span>

The 2017 demonstration against Catalan independence was a large demonstration in Barcelona, Spain, organized by Societat Civil Catalana on 8 October 2017, usually named after its slogan 'Stop! let's come to our senses'. It took place around midday starting in Plaça Urquinaona and ending in França railway station. The objective of the rally was to voice protests and growing concerns about the accelerating Catalan independence movement and the recent referendum on self-determination as well as to call for the preserved unity of Spain. The number of demonstrators was estimated at 950,000 by the organizers and 350.000 by the local police.

References

  1. ↑ "Huge turnout for Catalan independence rally". BBC News. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  2. ↑ Abend, Lisa (11 September 2012). "Secessionist Sentiments Grows Amid Economic Crisis". Time. Retrieved 15 September 2012.{{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Minder, Raphael (11 September 2012). "Protest Rally in Catalonia Adds a Worry for Spain". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  4. ↑ Khazan, Olga (11 September 2012). "Catalonia rallies for independence on 'Catalan National Day'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  5. ↑ "Catalonia 'National Day' protest in Barcelona". Euro News. 12 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  6. ↑ Goodman, Al (12 September 2012). "Throngs push Catalan independence amid Spain's economic crisis". Madrid. CNN. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  7. ↑ "La marxa comença a caminar sota el lema 'Catalunya, nou Estat d'Europa'" (in Catalan). Barcelona: Europa Press. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ "'Catalunya, nou estat d'Europa' és el lema de la pancarta de la manifestació, que ha arrencat poc abans de les sis de la tarda" (in Catalan). Catalunya vol viure en llibertat. 12 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2012.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ "El lema de la marxa per la independència: "Catalunya, nou estat d'Europa"" (in Catalan). Barcelona: BTVnotícies.cat. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  10. ↑ "L'ANC i l'AMI encapçalaran la manifestació de la Diada" (in Catalan). REUSdirecte.cat. 9 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  11. ↑ "Què és?". Marxa cap a la independència (in Catalan). Catalan National Assembly. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  12. 1 2 Delclós, Tomàs. "Cálculo de manifestantes". EDICIONES EL PAÍS S.L. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  13. ↑ Badiella, Llorenç (14 September 2012). "Unas 600.000 personas en la manifestación independentista" (in Spanish). Barcelona. La Vanguardia. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  14. ↑ Piñol, Àngels (11 September 2012). "El independentismo catalán logra una histórica exhibición de fuerza" (in Spanish). Barcelona. El País. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  15. ↑ "Diada.- El Govern central xifra l'assistència en 600.000 persones" (in Catalan). Barcelona. Europa Press. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  16. ↑ "La delegació del govern espanyol a Catalunya xifra en 600.000 els assistents a la manifestació de la Diada" (in Catalan). Madrid. Agència Catalana de Notícies. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  17. ↑ "La marcha independentista colapsa el centro de Barcelona en la celebración de la Diada" (in Spanish). Barcelona. RTVE.es. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  18. ↑ Parés, Blanca (7 September 2012). "La Generalitat demana un ús racional dels dispositius mòbils en la manifestació de la Diada" (in Catalan). Barcelona. elPeriódico.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  19. ↑ "Catalanes realizan manifestación histórica para reclamar su independencia" (in Spanish). Semana.com. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  20. ↑ "La prensa internacional reconoce la histórica manifestación de la Diada" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia.com. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  21. ↑ Reino, Cristian (12 September 2012). "Una manifestación histórica exige la independencia de Cataluña" (in Spanish). Barcelona. HOY.es. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  22. ↑ "Cataluña acoge hoy una manifestación independentista histórica" (in Spanish). Barcelona. Ine.es. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  23. ↑ "1,5 milions de persones demanen la independència de Catalunya en una manifestació rècord" (in Catalan). Barcelona. 324. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  24. ↑ "Empieza la lucha por capitalizar la histórica manifestación de Barcelona" (in Spanish). GARA. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  25. ↑ Rico, Jose; Julve, Rafa (12 September 2012). "Goleada independentista, la mayor manifestación en BCN" (in Spanish). elPeriódico.com. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  26. 1 2 "Catalan protesters rally for greater autonomy in Spain". BBC News. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  27. ↑ "Cálculo de asistentes". El País. 11 July 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  28. 1 2 "La manifestació ha desbordat totes les previsions", El Periódico de Catalunya, 10 July 2010, archived from the original on 4 March 2012, retrieved 10 September 2012. (in Catalan)
  29. ↑ "Un millón de personas inundan Barcelona en una histórica manifestación de rechazo a la sentencia contra el Estatut", La Vanguardia, 10 July 2010, archived from the original on 13 July 2010, retrieved 10 September 2012
  30. ↑ Somos una Nación. Nosotros decidimos., 10 July 2010, archived from the original on 5 November 2012, retrieved 10 September 2012
  31. ↑ "Hereu: "No hi ha precedent d'una mobilització així"", El Periódico de Catalunya, 10 July 2010, archived from the original on 4 March 2012, retrieved 10 September 2012. (in Catalan)
  32. ↑ "El TC dicta sentència per l'Estatut", 3cat24.cat (in Catalan), archived from the original on 6 September 2011, retrieved 14 September 2012
  33. ↑ "El Govern espanyol adverteix que el 10J no serà un 'punt d'inflexió' en res", Directe!cat (in Catalan), archived from the original on 9 January 2016, retrieved 14 September 2012
  34. ↑ "Josep Casadellà: "No sóc el Serallonga dels peatges"", Ara.cat , 14 April 2012
  35. ↑ Campanya Diem Prou Archived 5 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ "El Ple Municipal aprova la proposta de crear una associació per promoure el Dret a Decidir de Catalunya", Ajuntament de Vic (in Catalan), 12 September 2011, archived from the original on 16 September 2013, retrieved 14 September 2012
  37. ↑ Question (in Spanish) Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine : Personalmente, ¿estaría Ud. a favor o en contra de que Cataluña fuera independiente?
  38. ↑ Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2011 Archived 20 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Catalan)
  39. ↑ R.
    BARCELONA, J. (27 January 2012). "Els partidaris de la independència arriben per primer cop al 50%" . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  40. ↑ "Els independentistes són més que mai però no confien a guanyar un referèndum, segons 'El Periódico'". 27 January 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  41. ↑ Baròmetre d'Opinió Política [ permanent dead link ](in Catalan)
  42. ↑ Baròmetre d'Opinió Política Archived 13 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Catalan)
  43. ↑ "Independentistes però amb 'la roja'". 22 July 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  44. ↑ "Una enquesta de Telecinco indica que un 51% de catalans diria 'sí' a la independència i només un 18,6% triaria el 'no'". 15 September 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  45. ↑ El rescat: 5.023 milions
  46. ↑ El president de La Rioja: "S'ha de tenir morro per demanar i després tenir televisió o ambaixades" 324.cat 31 August 2012
  47. ↑ Esperanza Aguirre critica que Catalunya rebi més diners que la Comunitat de Madrid 324.cat, 31 August 2012
  48. ↑ Ribeira Feijóo: "Avui paga Galícia i Catalunya demana" 324.cat, 29 August 2012
  49. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ↑ "La CE admet que el futur d'una Catalunya independent s'hauria de negociar "en el marc legal internacional"" (in Catalan). El Punt Avui. 30 August 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  51. ↑ "La CE aclara que la independencia de una autonomía implica dejar la UE". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 31 August 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  52. ↑ "40 municipis converteixen les seves 'Plaça d'Espanya' en 'Plaça de la Independència'". La Vanguardia (in Catalan). Barcelona. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  53. ↑ "L'alcalde de Sant Pere de Torelló: "Instem el Parlament a assumir unilateralment la sobirania nacional"". Ara.cat. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  54. ↑ "El coronel Alamán Castro: "La independència de Catalunya? Per sobre del meu cadàver"". Ara.cat . Barcelona. 31 August 2012. ISSN   2014-010X.
  55. ↑ "Defensa no sancionará al coronel franquista que retó al independentismo catalán". 7 September 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  56. ↑ "Acte institucional. Diada de 2012", Generalitat de Catalunya, archived from the original on 2 January 2013
  57. ↑ Tugas, Roger (5 September 2012), "La Diada institucional reivindicarà la llengua catalana arran de "les agressions viscudes"", Ara, ISSN   2014-010X
  58. ↑ BATALLER, Marc, L'ANC ja té prop de 400 autocars emparaulats , El Punt Avui 31 August 2012
  59. ↑ La manifestació amb més autocars de la història Vilaweb, 5 September 2012
  60. ↑ "Més d'un milió de veus pel dret a decidir", Avui (in Catalan), 10 July 2012, archived from the original on 11 August 2010, retrieved 14 September 2012
  61. ↑ Ara, Diari, ed. (20 August 2012). "La CUP es desmarca de la manifestació de l'ANC de la Diada" (in Catalan).
  62. ↑ La previsió d'assistència creixent a la manifestació de la Diada obliga l'ANC a modificar-ne el recorregut (in Catalan)
  63. ↑ La manifestació amb més autocars de la història (in Catalan)
  64. ↑ OPJ (6 September 2012). "Una marea verda davant del Parlament simbolitzarà els anhels d'independència" (in Catalan). El Punt Avui . Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  65. ↑ Pastora, Txarango, Brams i Màrius Serra: plats forts de la Festa per la Llibertat Archived 1 January 2013 at archive.today (in Catalan)
  66. ↑ "Los partidos catalanes valoran la manifestación independentista" (in Spanish). Barcelona. LaVanguardia.com. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  67. ↑ "El independentismo marca la agenda política en un otoño crítico para el Estado español" (in Spanish). GARA. 23 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  68. ↑ "CiU, ICV-EUiA, ERC y SI negocian una resolución por la autodeterminación" (in Spanish). Barcelona. elPeriódico.com. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  69. ↑ "Un 74% dels catalans estan a favor de fer un referèndum d'autodeterminació i un 20% en contra, segons el CEO" (in Catalan). Madrid. 324. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  70. ↑ "Miles de personas se concentran en Plaça Catalunya contra la independencia" (in Spanish). Barcelona. LaVanguardia.com. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  71. ↑ Julve, Rafa (12 October 2012). "La manifestación antiindependentista reúne a miles de personas en la plaza de Catalunya" (in Spanish). Barcelona. elPeriódico.com. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  72. ↑ Roger, Maiol; Carranco, Rebeca (12 October 2012). "El PP arropa la concentración contra la independencia en Barcelona" (in Spanish). Barcelona. El País. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Bird's eye view
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.