2012 Egyptian constitutional referendum

Last updated

2012 Egyptian constitutional referendum
Flag of Egypt.svg
13–22 December 2012
Results
Choice
Votes %
Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svgYes10,693,91163.83%
Light brown x.svgNo6,061,01136.17%
Valid votes16,754,92298.22%
Invalid or blank votes303,3951.78%
Total votes17,058,317100.00%
Registered voters/turnout51,919,06732.86%
 Egyptian constitutional referendum results by government, 2012.png
  Governorate that voted "Yes".
  Governorate that voted "No".

A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt in two rounds on 15 and 22 December 2012. [1] Egyptians living abroad were scheduled to vote between 8 and 11 December. [2] Voting for expatriates had been delayed until 12 December 2012 [3] and was extended until 17 December 2012. [4] Voters were asked whether they approve of the draft constitution that was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 30 November 2012.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Unofficial results reported on 23 December 2012 found that 32.9% of the electorate voted and that the constitution was approved with 63.8% of the vote in favor over the two rounds of polling. [5]

During the campaign, supporters of the draft constitution argued that the constitution would provide stability. Most opponents argued that the constitution was too favorable to the Muslim Brotherhood, and did not grant sufficient minority rights. However, some extreme Salafists also opposed the constitution, arguing that it should have been based more closely on Sharia law.

The supreme committee for supervising the constitution referendum was formed on 3 December 2012. [6] Mohammad Salim Al-Awa stated that a new Constituent Assembly would be formed within three months through general elections if the draft Constitution was voted down. The new assembly would have six months to write the new constitution. [7] The general secretary of the constitution referendum supreme committee resigned for health reasons. [8]

Background

The Constituent Assembly was originally elected by Parliament in March 2012, before being dissolved by a court in April after it was deemed unconstitutional. [9] A second Assembly was elected by Parliament during the summer. [10] The second Constituent Assembly produced on 30 November 2012 a 234 article draft constitution, [11] after it approved each article individually during a 19-hour meeting starting on 29 November.[ citation needed ]

Judicial response

Egyptian Judges Club members agreed to boycott the referendum. [12] However the decisions of the club are non-binding on its members. [13] Judge Mohamed Awad, who is a member of the Judges for Egypt reform movement, said that 90 percent of judges would monitor the referendum. [14] Mohamed Gadallah, the legal adviser to the Egyptian president, stated that Egypt's Supreme Judicial Council would oversee the referendum. [15] The judges that were on strike responded that the Supreme Judicial Council decision was not final and that judges could individually refuse to participate. [16]

Contents

The draft constitution ended Egypt's all-powerful presidency, instituted a stronger parliament, and contained provisions against torture or detention without trial. But it also gave Egypt's generals much of the power and privilege they had during the Hosni Mubarak era. [17] Human Rights Watch noted that it provided for basic protections against arbitrary detention and torture and for some economic rights, but failed to end military trials of civilians or to protect freedom of expression and religion. [18] The organization also stated that the Chapter II draft, entitled Rights and Freedoms, provided for strong protection against arbitrary detention in article 35 and torture and inhumane treatment in article 36, and for freedom of movement in article 42, privacy of communication in article 38, freedom of assembly in article 50, and of association in article 51, but deferred to objections from the country's military leadership and removed the clear prohibition of trials of civilians before military courts. [18]

Article 2, defining the relationship between Islam and Egyptian law, remained essentially unchanged from Egypt's old constitution. The new charter said that the legal code stems from "the principles of Islamic law," wording that is broad enough to allow for individual rights and freedoms. [19] But in an attempted compromise between the ultraconservatives and their liberal opponents, the proposed constitution added a new article defining those principles in accordance with established schools of Sunni Muslim thought. [17]

Article 50 preserved the right to assembly but required "notification" of such gatherings. [19] The constitution called for freedom from discrimination, but did not specify whether women or religious minorities were protected. A provision on women's equality was left out to avoid a dispute after ultraconservatives insisted that women's equality should be qualified by compliance with religious laws. [17] One article that passed pertained to arbitrary arrest and detention rights. The article said that no person may be "arrested, searched, incarcerated, deprived of freedom in any way and/or confined" unless it is ordered by a "competent judge". Another article stipulated that anyone jailed must be told why in writing within 12 hours, and the case must go to investigators within 24 hours. Detainees cannot be interrogated without their attorney or one appointed to them being present, the article also stated. Phone conversations, electronic correspondence and other communication cannot be listened to without a warrant. [20]

The new constitution limited the President to two four-year terms, [21] marking a clear shift away from the era of Mubarak, who ruled for 30 years. But other checks on presidential power remained ill-defined. [19] The defense minister would be chosen from the military's officers. Insulating the armed forces from parliamentary oversight, a special council that included military officers would oversee military affairs and the defense budget. [17] Ziad al-Ali of the International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Assistance noted that another article in the document called for the election of local councils in each province but kept all the power in the hands of federally appointed governors. And even though Egypt's pervasive public corruption was a major complaint by those who forced Hosni Mubarak from power, the assembly declined to borrow any international models to promote transparency, Ali said. "There won't be a huge improvement in the way government works and the way services are delivered, and that is a setback for democracy." [17]

Campaign

Supporters

The Al Nour Party and the Building and Development Party supported the draft constitution because it would provide stability. [22] [23] Workers unions, many of which are dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood, have stated that they support the draft constitution. [24] Mohamed Mostafa, the spokesperson of Al-Azhar, is in favor of the draft constitution. [25] The Safety and Development Party accused the judges who were boycotting the referendum of undermining stability. [26] The Freedom and Justice Party launched a campaign urging a yes vote on the draft constitution. [27]

Opponents

Women's rights activists opposed the draft constitution on the grounds that the exclusion of explicit women's rights in the draft constitution opened the door to changes in women's rights. [28] The People's Representatives Coalition opposed the draft constitution, launching an awareness campaign entitled "Reject your constitution". [29] The Salafi Jihadi Movement boycotted the draft constitution because it "does not apply Islamic Sharia". [30] They stated that they were trying to convince other Islamists, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, to vote no on the draft constitution as well. [31]

The National Salvation Front called for a no vote on the draft constitution. They put forth a number of conditions, which included: free and fair elections, holding the vote on one day, supervision of the vote, protection for polling places, and immediate announcement of voting results at polling places. If the demands were not met, they asked voters to vote no. [32] Baha'a Anwar, a spokesperson for the Shi'a in Egypt, stated that Shi'a would not take part in the referendum. [25] Sufi Sheikh Aboul Azayem opposed the draft constitution, arguing that it was only favorable towards the Muslim Brotherhood. [25] Egyptian journalists opposed the draft constitution because they believed it would limit freedom of expression. [33]

The Strong Egypt Party announced that it would launch a no vote campaign on the draft constitution. [34] The Egyptian Current Party has asked voters to vote no on the constitution. [35] The Egyptian Popular Current announced it would vote no on the constitution. [36] The Egyptian Social Democratic Party said the same. [36] The Constitution Party also encouraged a no vote on the draft constitution. [36] The Free Egyptians Party boycotted the vote. [36]

The Hazemoun movement, made up of followers of Hazem Salah Abu Ismail, a Salafi preacher, came out against the draft constitution. [37] The Salafi Front also opposed the draft constitution, arguing that the constitution should have made Sharia itself the main source of legislation, not the principles. They also argued that Christians and Jews should be governed by Islamic law and that the constitution should have stated that "divine authority" is the source of power not the people. [37] In addition, Coptic Christians also opposed the draft constitution, walking out of the constitution drafting session and prompting Khaled Dawoud, a spokesman of National Salvation Front, to state, "this is probably the first time in our history that the Christians were not present in writing the constitution". [38]

Results

Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012
ChoiceVotes %
Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg Yes10,693,91163.8
No6,061,10136.2
Valid votes16,755,01298.2
Invalid or blank votes303,3951.8
Total votes17,058,317100.00
Registered voters/turnout51,919,06732.9
Source: Egypt Independent

By governorate

Governorate [39] Eligible votersVoter turnoutTotal votesValid votesInvalid votes"Yes" votes"Yes" %"No" votes"No" %
Cairo 6,580,47834.8%2,291,0402,254,69836,342974,37143.2%1,280,32756.8%
Giza 4,383,70134.6%1,517,1971,493,09224,105995,41766.7%497,67533.3%
Dakahlia 3,719,75831.5%1,171,1431,150,13021,013631,21954.9%518,91145.1%
Sharqia 3,565,35132.0%1,141,4711,120,32821,143737,50365.8%382,82534.2%
Alexandria 3,347,77036.2%1,210,5741,193,69116,883663,97555.6%529,71644.4%
Beheira 3,276,93033.7%1,084,4431,084,4421818,75575.5%265,68724.5%
Gharbia 2,948,65633.9%999,093980,49718,596468,48847.8%512,00952.2%
Minya 2,718,94734.5%939,259916,09423,165760,70483%155,39017%
Qalyubia 2,639,80832.9%868,349853,12515,224512,05560%341,07040%
Sohag 2,393,67225.4%606,866593,54613,320467,02978.7%126,51721.3%
Monufia 2,236,89834.0%760,324745,37314,951364,37448.9%380,99951.1%
Asyut 2,127,68828.0%595,883581,70714,176442,50676.1%139,20123.9%
Kafr el-Sheikh 1,886,21229.6%557,546548,5548,992360,99465.8%187,56034.2%
Qena 1,629,71322.8%371,252364,5096,743307,83984.5%56,67015.5%
Faiyum 1,579,69435.2%556,550544,10912,441486,89089.5%57,21910.5%
Beni Suef 1,454,27838.7%562,991549,93713,054466,24884.8%83,68915.2%
Aswan 872,74022.7%198,107194,4163,691149,02076.7%45,39623.3%
Damietta 868,77337.2%323,298318,9444,354205,37864.4%113,56635.6%
Ismailia 713,96336.4%259,645256,2103,435179,23570%76,97530%
Luxor 685,00926.0%1781,32174,6203,512133,77976.6%40,84123.4%
Port Said 445,32238.0%169,229166,9312,29885,35351.1%81,57848.9%
Suez 387,52238.7%149,783147,9031,880104,06170.4%43,84229.6%
Red Sea 232,38830.7%71,27370,43284144,11662.6%26,31637.4%
North Sinai 215,61830.6%65,91364,96494950,72678.1%14,23821.9%
Matruh 212,49536.5%77,49376,63086370,23791.7%6,3938.3%
New Valley 143,58432.9%48,44047,77566541,72887.3%6,04712.7%
South Sinai 65,40729.6%19,35119,02332812,15763.8%6,86636.2%

Reactions

After the referendum, President Mohamed Morsi said in a speech on television that the Egyptians voting against the constitutional referendum were within their rights, "because Egypt of the revolution – Egypt's people and its elected president – can never feel annoyed by the active patriotic opposition. We don't want to go back to the era of the one opinion and fabricated fake majorities." [40] With regard to the referendum, Morsi went on to add that "there have been mistakes here and there, and I bear responsibility", but that "no matter what the hardships of the past [were], I see it as the pain of birthing the new Egypt ... It is truly the dawn of [a] new Egypt, which has risen and is now shining." [40]

In a response to the referendum, the United States Department of State issued a statement noting that "[m]any Egyptians have voiced deep concerns about the substance of the constitution and the constitutional process" and further stating that "President Morsi, as the democratically elected leader of Egypt, has a special responsibility to move forward in a way that recognizes the urgent need to bridge divisions, build trust, and broaden support for the political process." [41]

Related Research Articles

Liberalism in Egypt or Egyptian liberalism is a political ideology that traces its beginnings to the 19th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senate (Egypt)</span> Upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Egypt

The Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Egypt since its introduction in the 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum and the subsequent 2020 Egyptian Senate election. The current president of the Senate is Abdel-Wahab Abdel-Razeq.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parliament of Egypt</span> Bicameral legislature of the Arab Republic of Egypt

The Parliament of Egypt is the bicameral legislature of the Arab Republic of Egypt. It is composed of an upper house and a lower house.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Egyptian Constitution of 1971</span>

The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt was the former constitution of Egypt. It was adopted on 11 September 1971 through a public referendum. It was later amended in 1980, 2005, and 2007. It was proclaimed to update the democratic representative system in assertion of the rule of law, independence of the judiciary, and party plurality. On 13 February 2011, the Constitution was suspended following the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak as a result of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. On 30 March 2011, it was "effectively voided" after a new provisional constitution was passed by the country's ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. It has since been superseded by the Egyptian Constitution of 2012 and the current Egyptian Constitution of 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Egyptian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Egypt in 2012, with the first round on 23 and 24 May 2012 and the second on 16 and 17 June. The 2012 Egyptian Presidential election was the first democratic presidential election of Egypt's history. The Muslim Brotherhood declared early 18 June 2012, that its candidate, Mohamed Morsi, won Egypt's presidential election, which would be the first victory of an Islamist as head of state in the Arab world. It was the second presidential election in Egypt's history with more than one candidate, following the 2005 election, and the first presidential election after the 2011 Egyptian revolution which ousted president Hosni Mubarak, during the Arab Spring. However, Morsi's presidency was brief and short-lived, and he later faced massive protests for and against his rule, only to be ousted in a military coup in July that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election</span>

Parliamentary elections were held in Egypt from 28 November 2011 to 11 January 2012, following the revolution that ousted President Hosni Mubarak, after which the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) dissolved Parliament. However the dissolution was ruled unconstitutional and Parliament was reinstated. Originally, the elections had been scheduled to be held in September 2011, but were postponed amid concerns that established parties would gain undue advantage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum</span>

A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt on 19 March 2011, following the 2011 Egyptian revolution. More than 14 million (77%) were in favour, while around 4 million (23%) opposed the changes; 41% of 45 million eligible voters turned out to vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free Egyptians Party</span> Political party in Egypt

The Free Egyptians Party is an Egyptian liberal party, founded after the 2011 Egyptian revolution. It supports the principles of a liberal, democratic, and secular political order in Egypt. The Free Egyptians Party was the largest party in the House of Representatives. The party is a founding member of Al Hurriya Liberal Network.

The al‑Nour Party(Arabic: حزب النور, romanized: Ḥizb an-Nūr), or "Party of The Light", was one of the political parties created in Egypt after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. It has an ultra-conservative, Islamist ideology, which believes in implementing strict Sharia law. It has been described as the political arm of the Salafi Call Society, and "by far the most prominent" of the several new Salafi parties in Egypt, which it has surpassed by virtue of its "long organizational and administrative experience" and "charismatic leaders". Its political aim is to establish a theocratic state on the lines of Wahhabism like in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia was found to be the main financer of the party according to the public German television news service ARD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohamed Morsi</span> President of Egypt from 2012 to 2013

Mohamed Mohamed Morsi Eissa al-Ayyat was an Egyptian politician, engineer, and professor who served as the fifth president of Egypt, from 2012 to 2013, when General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi removed him from office in a coup d'état after protests in June. An Islamist affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood organization, Morsi led the Freedom and Justice Party from 2011 to 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012</span>

The Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012 (CA) is the committee for the creation of a new Constitution of Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood had announced that the Constituent Assembly would vote on the constitution on 29 November 2012. The Constituent Assembly will be able to avoid its possible dissolution by voting on the constitution earlier than the release of a ruling by the Supreme Constitutional Court on the assembly's legitimacy; the ruling was expected to occur on 2 December 2012. The court has postponed the verdict in response to protests. The Constituent Assembly approved the constitution on 29 November 2012; more than 16 hours were spent voting on its articles.

Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution, the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt became one of the main forces contending for political power in Egypt against the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) and other established centers of the former Hosni Mubarak regime.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strong Egypt Party</span> Political party in Egypt

The Strong Egypt Party is an Egyptian centrist political party founded in 2012 by former presidential candidate Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Salvation Front (Egypt)</span> Political party in Egypt

The National Salvation Front is an alliance of Egyptian political parties, formed to defeat Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi's 22 November 2012 constitutional declaration. The National Front for Salvation of the Revolution has more than 35 groups involved overall. Observers are concerned that the NSF will not be able to become a coherent political force because the different parties agree on opposing Morsi, but their views on other subjects diverge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Egyptian Constitution of 2012</span> Fundamental law of Egypt from 2012 to 2014

The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt was the former fundamental law of Egypt. It was signed into law by President Mohamed Morsi on 26 December 2012, after it was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 30 November 2012 and passed in a referendum held 15–22 December 2012 with 64% support, and a turnout of 33%. It replaced the 2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt, adopted in 2011 following the Egyptian revolution. On 3 July 2013, the constitution was suspended by order of the Egyptian army. On 8 July 2013, acting President Adly Mansour issued a decree that envisaged the introduction of amendments to the constitution and put them to a referendum; if approved, the suspended-constitution would be restored into law. The current constitutional declaration has the power of a constitution; it outlines the authorities of the president and establishes many rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012–2013 Egyptian protests</span> Period of unrest around the 2012 presidential elections and 2013 coup

The 2012–2013 Egyptian protests were part of the crisis in Egypt including the June 2013 protests, the July 2013 coup d'état, and part of the post-coup unrest. They saw varying opposition against three contiguous heads of state; namely, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), Muslim Brotherhood, and the de facto ruling Egyptian Armed Forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Coup Alliance</span> Political party in Egypt

The Anti-Coup Alliance is a coalition in Egypt formed to reverse the ouster of former president Mohamed Morsi. The coalition is made up of approximately 40 Islamist parties and groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum</span>

A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt on 14 and 15 January 2014 and with Egyptians abroad voting between 8 and 12 January. The new constitution was approved by 98.1% of voters. Turnout was 38.6%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Egypt</span> Fundamental law of Egypt since 2014

The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the fundamental law of Egypt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum</span>

A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt between 20 and 22 April 2019, The main proposed amendments were re-establishing the presidential term to six years, from four previously, and removing the limit of two terms on the President, thereby allowing President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to potentially remain in power until 2030. The changes were approved by 88.83% of voters who voted, with a 44% turnout.

References

  1. ↑ "Egypt to hold referendum in two stages due to shortage of judges". Al Arabiya. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  2. ↑ "Egypt's expats to vote on constitution 8 December". Ahram Online. 3 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  3. ↑ Sara Abou Bakr (7 December 2012). "Constitutional referendum postponed". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  4. ↑ "Egypt expat voting extended to Monday 8pm". Ahram Online. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  5. ↑ "Egyptian constitution 'approved' in referendum". BBC News. 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  6. ↑ "Supreme committee overseeing Egypt's constitution poll formed". Ahram Online. 3 December 2012.
  7. ↑ "Morsi's decree cancelled, constitution referendum to take place on time". Ahram Online. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  8. ↑ "Elections commission secretary general resigns". Egypt Independent. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  9. ↑ "Egypt court suspends constitutional assembly". BBC News Middle East. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  10. ↑ "Egypt parties end deadlock over constitutional panel". BBC News Middle East. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  11. ↑ Egypt draft constitution adopted, goes to referendum Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine Hindustan Times, 30 November 2012
  12. ↑ "BREAKING: Egypt judges refuse to oversee constitutional poll, say judicial sources". Ahram Online. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  13. ↑ "Egypt judges refuse to oversee Morsi referendum". BBC. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  14. ↑ "90 pct of judges will monitor Egypt's constitution poll, claims head of Alexandria Appeal Court". Ahram Online. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  15. ↑ "Egypt Judicial Council to oversee referendum". Al Jazeera. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  16. ↑ "Judges, legal experts weigh up scenarios ahead of constitutional referendum". Ahram Online. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 David D Kirkpatrick (29 November 2012). "Egyptian Islamists Approve Draft Constitution Despite Objections". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  18. 1 2 "Egypt: New Constitution Mixed on Support of Rights Draft Adopted Without Consensus Amid Political Crisis". Human Rights Watch. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  19. 1 2 3 Stephanie McCrummen and Ingy Hassieb (29 November 2012). "Egyptian assembly rushes to vote on new constitution". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  20. ↑ "Movement on new Egyptian constitution, despite fervent opposition". CNN. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  21. ↑ Egypt to hold December referendum on new constitution BBC News, 1 December 2012
  22. ↑ "Egypt draft charter vote 'right move for stability': Salafist leaders". Ahram Online. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  23. ↑ Rana Muhammad Taha (4 December 2012). "Building and Development Party proposes constitutional fix". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  24. ↑ Liliana Mihaila (3 December 2012). "Workers' unions support draft constitution". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  25. 1 2 3 "Religious groups react to referendum announcement". Daily News Egypt. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  26. ↑ "Jihad organization accuses judges of implementing 'Zionist' scheme". Egypt Independent. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  27. ↑ Liliana Mihaila (9 December 2012). "FJP launches referendum campaign". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  28. ↑ "Women's rights activists call for 'no' vote on constitutional referendum". Egypt Independent. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  29. ↑ "NDP holdovers, FJP look for allies ahead of Egypt's legislative polls". Ahram Online. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  30. ↑ "Salafi Jihadi Movement to boycott constitutional referendum". Egypt Independent. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  31. ↑ "Salafi Jihadi movement hopes to sway Islamists to reject constitution". Egypt Independent. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  32. ↑ "NSF express concern over 'fairness' of Egypt constitutional poll". Ahram Online. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  33. ↑ Dina Samak (4 December 2012). "Egyptian journalists protest draft constitution". Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  34. ↑ "Abul-Fotouh's Strong Egypt Party to vote no at referendum". Ahram Online. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  35. ↑ Dina Samak (11 December 2012). "Egyptian opposition's dilemma: To vote or not to vote". Ahram Online. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  36. 1 2 3 4 "Opposition forces gear towards a 'no' vote". Ahram Online. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  37. 1 2 Omar Halawa (13 December 2012). "Despite apparent support for Morsy, Salafis are divided over constitution". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  38. ↑ Matt Bradley (25 December 2012). "Egypt Voters Approve Constitution". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  39. ↑ "إستفتاء.مصر – نتيجة الاستفتاء على مستوى المحافظات". Elections.eg. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  40. 1 2 David D Kirkpatrick (26 December 2012). "Morsi Admits 'Mistakes' in Drafting Egypt's Constitution". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  41. ↑ Patrick Ventrell (25 December 2012). "Referendum on the Egyptian Constitution: Press Statement". United States Department of State. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.