Abortion in South Carolina

Last updated

Abortion in South Carolina is legal up to when embryonic cardiac-cell activity can be detected, usually around 6 weeks from the woman's last menstrual period, when many women are not yet aware that they are pregnant. [1] On May 25, 2023, Governor Henry McMaster signed a 6-week ban, and it took effect immediately. [2] The ban was indefinitely blocked in court on May 26, [3] and reinstated by the South Carolina Supreme Court on August 23. [4]

Contents

In January 2023, the South Carolina Supreme Court had struck down a similar existing law as violating the state's privacy clause under Article 1, Section 10 of the South Carolina Constitution. [5] [6] Passed in 2021, that law had criminalized abortion once embryonic cardiac activity is detectable, which is around five or six weeks after the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period. [7]

The number of abortion clinics in South Carolina has fluctuated over the years, with fifteen in 1982, eighteen in 1992 and three in 2014. There were 5,714 legal abortions in 2014, and 5,778 in 2015.

53% of South Carolina adults said in a poll that they support "a woman’s right to choose to have a safe and legal abortion," while 37% did not support it. [8]

History

South Carolinian women have a long history of traveling outside the state to seek legal abortions. Critics of efforts by state lawmakers to restrict abortion access say it results in South Carolinian women needing to spend more money and travel greater distances for the procedure. [9]

Legislative history

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions. [10] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens. [10] By 1950, the state legislature would pass a law that stated that a woman who had an abortion or actively sought to have an abortion regardless of whether she went through with it was guilty of a criminal offense. [10]

The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement. [11] In 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics. [12] Governor Nikki Haley signed legislation that brought into effect a 20-week abortion ban in 2016. At a ceremonial signing ceremony for the cameras, she was surrounded by children with disabilities. [9]

Republican Representative Greg Delleney was the lead sponsor of South Carolina's law requiring that women view an ultrasound of a fetus before being allowed to have an abortion. He said the ultrasound would enable the woman to "determine for herself whether she is carrying an unborn child deserving of protection or whether it's just an inconvenient, unnecessary part of her body." [13] Rep. John R. McCravy III prefiled HB 3020 in the South Carolina House of Representatives in December 2018. [14] The bill, entitled the "Fetal Heartbeat Protection from Abortion Act", was introduced on January 8, 2018, and referred to the House Judiciary Committee. [15] [16] Previous attempts to pass "fetal heartbeat" bills in the South Carolina General Assembly failed. [17] [18] The state legislature was one of ten states nationwide that tried to pass similar legislation that year. [19] [18] In April 2019, by a vote of 70–31, the S.C. House of Representatives passed a "fetal heartbeat" bill. The measure passed after five hours of debate. [20]

In February 2021, South Carolina passed a law which would outlaw almost all abortions in that state after embryonic cardiac-cell activity is detected; however, that law was temporarily blocked by a judge in March 2021. [21] Representatives from The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) stated in a September 2021 Senate hearing that "contemporary ultrasound can detect an electrically induced flickering of a portion of the embryonic tissue," which differs structurally and functionally from both the lay understanding and medical definition of the term "fetus", "heart" and "heartbeat." [7] The state Supreme Court later struck down the law. [5]

In September 2022, the South Carolina Legislature failed in an attempt to ban abortion at fertilization due to objections from female legislators for being too strict. The legislature then failed to make stricter the state's existing 6-week abortion ban due to objections from the caucus that the proposed new law wasn't strict enough. [22]

In May 2023, the General Assembly passed a law similar the February 2021 law that was struck down the Supreme Court. [23] The law generally banned abortion once there is "cardiac activity, or the steady and repetitive rhythmic contraction of the fetal heart, within the gestational sac". [24] The supposed "cardiac activity" is not a heartbeat, instead being embryonic electrical activity, which can be detected from around six weeks from the woman's last menstrual period. [24] [25] Many women do not yet know that they are pregnant at six weeks since the woman's last menstrual period. [1]

In 2023, Republican Representative Rob Harris authored the South Carolina Prenatal Equal Protection Act of 2023, which would make women who had abortions eligible for the death penalty. The bill attracted 21 Republican co-sponsors. [26] The bill would define fertilized eggs as human beings and offers no exception for pregnant individuals seeking abortion due to sexual assault, incest, or poor fetal health. [27]

In April 2023, 5 State Senators filibustered an almost total abortion ban in a bipartisan group. [28] [29]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester. [10] (However, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , No. 19-1392 , 597 U.S. ___(2022) later in 2022. [30] [31] ) The US Supreme Court heard Ferguson v. City of Charleston in 2001. [32] On appeal, the Fourth Circuit had affirmed, but on the ground that the searches were justified as a matter of law by special non-law-enforcement needs. [33] The Supreme Court had a 6–3 ruling in the case, which was about a South Carolina public hospital policy requiring all pregnant women to be drug tested. The Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution's Fourth Amendment protected women against unreasonable search and seizures, which mandatory drug testing was. [32] The US Supreme Court reasoned that the interest in curtailing pregnancy complications and reducing the medical costs associated with maternal cocaine use outweighed what it characterized as a "minimal intrusion" on the women's privacy. The Supreme Court then agreed to hear the case. [34] Justice Kennedy pointed out that all searches, by definition, would uncover evidence of crime, and this says nothing about the "special needs" the search might serve. In this case, however, Kennedy agreed that "while the policy may well have served legitimate needs unrelated to law enforcement, it had as well a penal character with a far greater connection to law enforcement than other searches sustained under our special needs rationale." [35]

In Planned Parenthood South Atlantic, et al. v. State of South Carolina, et al., the South Carolina Supreme Court struck down the state's six-week abortion ban from 2021 and ruled that the state constitution's privacy clause included an implicit right to abortion. [36]

A day after South Carolina's 2023 abortion law was implemented, Circuit Court Judge Clifton Newman issued a temporary restraining order that prevents the law from being enforced until the state supreme court can make a ruling on the law's constitutionality. [37]

In August 2023, the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that the state's 2023 law, banning most abortions after cardiac activity is detected, is constitutional. [38]

Clinic history

Number of abortion clinics in South Carolina by year Number of abortion clinics in South Carolina by year.png
Number of abortion clinics in South Carolina by year

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state increased by three, going from fifteen in 1982 to eighteen in 1992. [39] In 2014, there were three abortion clinics in the state. [40] In 2014, 93% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 71% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic. [41] In 2017, there were two Planned Parenthood clinics, one of which offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 1,112,199 women aged 15–49. [42] In 2018, there were three licensed abortion clinics in the state. They were in Charleston, Columbia and Greenville. [9] The Charleston clinic was a Planned Parenthood clinic in West Ashley. [9]

Exceptions

Exceptions to the state limit for elective abortion are only allowed in cases of immediate risk to the life of the mother.[ citation needed ]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15–44 of between 0.1 and 0.9. [43] In 1990, 411,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy. [39] There were around 5,600 women in South Carolina in 1995 who left the state to get an abortion. [9] There were around 8,801 abortions performed in South Carolina in 1998. [9]

In 2010, the state had nine publicly funded abortions, of which all were federally funded and none were state funded. [44] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 660 abortions, 620 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 60 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 40 abortions for women of all other races. [45] In 2014, 42% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. [46]

Around 5,600 women in South Carolina in 2015 left the state to get an abortion. This number was one of the highest in the United States. [9] Only 5.9% of abortions performed in the state involved out-of-state residents in 2015. This contrasted with neighboring Georgia, where 14.5% of all abortions that year were for out-of-state residents, and neighboring North Carolina, where 7.5% of all abortions were for out-of-state residents. [9] In 2017, nearly 11,000 South Carolina residents had abortions, but more than half of those were performed out of state. [9] That year, South Carolina had an infant mortality rate of 6.5 deaths per 1,000 live births. [47]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996 [48]
Census division and stateNumberRate % change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
South Atlantic269,200261,990263,60025.924.624.7–5
Delaware5,7305,7904,09035.234.424.1–32
District of Columbia21,32021,09020,790138.4151.7154.512
Florida84,68087,50094,0503030327
Georgia39,68036,94037,3202421.221.1–12
Maryland31,26030,52031,31026.425.626.30
North Carolina36,18034,60033,55022.42120.2–10
South Carolina12,19011,0209,94014.212.911.6–19
Virginia35,02031,48029,94022.72018.9–16
West Virginia3,1403,0502,6107.77.66.6–14
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence % obtained by

out-of-state residents

YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^Ratio^^
South Carolina9,77410.41705,7146.1995.32014 [49]
South Carolina11,03211.61905,7786.1995.92015 [50]
South Carolina10,77311,21885,7366.01005.42016 [51]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Abortion rights views and activities

Protests

Protesters participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a Stop the Bans movement in May 2019. [52]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, an abortion rights protest was held on June 25 in Greenville. [53]

In Columbia, South Carolina on May 15, 2023, a group of abortion rights protesters rallied at the South Carolina statehouse in opposition to the state's 6-week abortion ban. [54]

Anti-abortion views and activities

Views

Between 1998 and 2017, the number of abortions that took place on a yearly basis in the state dropped by 5,112.  According to anti-abortion rights group South Carolina Citizens for Life this drop meant that harsh anti-abortion measures in the state worked.  According to South Carolina Citizens Executive Director Holly Gatling in regards to the number of women seeking abortions outside the state over the same period remaining unchanged, "South Carolina Citizens for Life is responsible for South Carolina, not for any other state where women who claim to be from South Carolina abort their children. [...] All we can do is work to reduce the number of abortions occurring in South Carolina, and we have done that and continue to do so." [9]

Governor Nikki Haley said in 2016, "I'm not pro-life because the Republican Party tells me. [...] I'm pro-life because all of us have had experiences of what it means to have one of these special little ones in our life." [9]

Charleston Republican Senator Larry Grooms said in 2018, "I believe that all life is sacred, that an unborn child has a right to life, just like a child that has already experienced birth." [9]

South Carolina state Rep. Nancy Mace said in regard to the six-week "fetal heartbeat" abortion ban in 2019, when on the floor of the House during a 10-minute floor speech about an amendment she introduced, "I was gripping the podium so hard I thought I was going to pull it out of the floor. [...] I was angry at the language my colleagues were using. They were saying rape was the fault of the woman. They called these women baby killers and murderers. That language is so degrading toward women, particularly victims of rape or incest. And I said to myself I'm not going to put up with that bull----. I was nearly yelling into the mic. I gave a very passionate speech to my colleagues and that is what got the exception through." [55]

Violence

On February 23, 2023, anti-abortion protesters physically clashed with abortion rights protesters outside of a clinic in Greenville, South Carolina. [56] Due to this physical confrontation and over 300 others since the beginning of 2021 that led to 20 arrests at the clinic, in October 2023 the Greenville County Council's Public Safety Committee voted to prohibit firearms, weapons, body armor, open flames, bicycles and the blocking of pedestrian walkways and entrances to businesses at protests. [57]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion law in the United States by state</span> Termination of pregnancy in states of the United States

The legality of abortion in the United States and the various restrictions imposed on the procedure vary significantly depending on the laws of each state or other jurisdiction. Some states prohibit abortion at all stages of pregnancy with few exceptions, others permit it up to a certain point in a woman's pregnancy, while others allow abortion throughout a woman's pregnancy. In states where abortion is legal, several classes of restrictions on the procedure may exist, such as parental consent or notification laws, requirements that patients be shown an ultrasound before obtaining an abortion, mandatory waiting periods, and counseling requirements.

Abortion is the termination of human pregnancy, often performed in the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade recognized a constitutional right to obtain an abortion without excessive government restriction, and in 1992 the Court in Planned Parenthood v. Casey invalidated restrictions that create an undue burden on people seeking abortions. Since then, there has continued to be an abortion debate in the United States, and some states have passed laws in the form of regulation of abortions but which have the purpose or effect of restricting its provision. The proponents of such laws argue they do not create an undue burden. Some state laws that impact the availability of abortions have been upheld by courts. In 2022, Roe and Casey were overturned by the Supreme Court in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, meaning that states may now regulate abortion in ways that were not previously permitted.

A six-week abortion ban, also called a "fetal heartbeat bill" by proponents, is a law in the United States which makes abortion illegal as early as six weeks gestational age, which is when proponents claim that a "fetal heartbeat" can be detected. Medical and reproductive health experts, including the American Medical Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say that the reference to a fetal heartbeat is medically inaccurate and misleading, for a conceptus is not called a fetus until eight weeks after fertilization, as well as that at four weeks after fertilization, the embryo has no heart, only a group of cells which will become a heart. Medical professionals advise that a true fetal heartbeat cannot be detected until around 17 to 20 weeks of gestation when the chambers of the heart have become sufficiently developed.

Abortion in Oklahoma is illegal unless the abortion is necessary to save the life of a pregnant woman.

Abortion in Alabama is illegal. Historically, Alabama's abortion laws have evolved from strict regulations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to a period of liberalization following the landmark 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, which legalized abortion nationwide. However, Alabama has consistently enacted legislation aimed at restricting access to abortion.

Abortion in Georgia is legal up to the detection of embryonic cardiac-cell activity, which typically begins in the 5th or 6th week after the onset of the last menstrual period (LMP), two to three weeks after implantation, when many women are not yet aware that they are pregnant.

Abortion in Louisiana is mostly illegal as of August 1, 2022.

As of 2022, abortion in Missouri is illegal, with abortions only being legal in cases of medical emergency and several additional laws making access to abortion services difficult. In 2014, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that 52% of Missouri adults said that abortion should be legal vs. 46% that believe it should be illegal in all or most cases. According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, 51% of white women in the state believed that abortion is legal in all or most cases.

Abortion in Arkansas is illegal except when it is necessary to save the life of the mother. Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.

Abortion in Delaware is legal up to the point of fetal viability. 55% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal and 38% stated it should be illegal in all or most cases. There was a therapeutic exceptions in the state's legislative ban on abortions by 1900. Informed consent laws were on the books by 2007. In 2017, Senator Bryan Townsend, D-Newark introduced legislation to try to make clear that abortion would remain legal in the state in case 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling was overturned. The legislation was subsequently updated. Attempts have been made to introduce mandatory ultrasound laws, but they failed to get out of committee. State legislators tried to move ahead the week at which a woman could get a legal abortion in 2019.

Abortion in Kansas is legal. Kansas law allows for an abortion up to 20 weeks post-fertilization. After that point, only in cases of life or severely compromised physical health may an abortion be performed, with this limit set on the belief that a fetus can feel pain after that point in the pregnancy. The state also had detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement by 2007. Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices, in addition to abortion clinics, were in place by 2013. In 2015, Kansas became the first state to ban the dilation and evacuation procedure, a common second-trimester abortion procedure. State laws about abortion have been challenged at the Kansas Supreme Court and US Supreme Court level. On August 2, 2022, Kansas voters rejected a constitutional amendment that would have allowed the Republican-controlled legislature to restrict or ban abortion in Kansas, following the overturning of Roe v. Wade.

Abortion is illegal in Kentucky. There were laws in Kentucky about abortion by 1900, including ones with therapeutic exceptions. In 1998, the state passed legislation that required clinics to have an abortion clinic license if they wanted to operate. By the early 2010s, members of the Kentucky Legislature attempted to ban abortion in almost all cases and had also introduced the early abortion bans. Prior to 2019, Kentucky law prohibited abortions after week 22. This changed when the state legislature passed a law that moved the prohibition to week 6 in the early part of the year. A bill passed and made effective in April 2022 lowered the threshold to 15 weeks, the second most restrictive limit in effect in the United States behind Texas, and introduced regulations that made abortion illegal until it was blocked in federal court.

Abortion in Michigan is legal at all stages of pregnancy. A state constitutional amendment to explicitly guarantee abortion rights was placed on the ballot in 2022 as Michigan Proposal 22–3; it passed with 57 percent of the vote, adding the right to abortion and contraceptive use to the Michigan Constitution. The amendment largely prevents the regulation of abortion before fetal viability, unless said regulations are to protect the individual seeking an abortion, and it also makes it unconstitutional to make laws restricting abortions which would protect the life and health, physical and/or mental, of the pregnant individual seeking abortion.

Abortion in Minnesota is legal at all stages of pregnancy. The Minnesota Supreme Court ruled the Minnesota Constitution conferred a right to an abortion in 1995 and the DFL-led Minnesota Legislature passed and Minnesota Governor Tim Walz signed into law a bill in 2023 to recognize a right to reproductive freedom and preventing local units of government from limiting that right, making Minnesota the first state in the nation in the post-Roe era to ensure residents have a legal right to an abortion.

Abortion in Mississippi is illegal. The new law took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch certified on June 27, the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24 of that year. State Attorney General Lynn Fitch's certification made Mississippi's 2007 'trigger law' go into effect and ban all abortions in the state, “except in the case where necessary for the preservation of the mother's life or where the pregnancy was caused by rape".

Abortion in North Dakota is illegal. The state's sole abortion clinic relocated to Minnesota.

Abortion in Ohio is legal up to the point of fetal viability. A six week ban enacted prior to the passage of November 2023 Ohio Issue 1 is being challenged in court following abortion rights being placed into the Ohio State Constitution. In November 2023, a constitutional amendment was approved by a majority of voters that enshrined access to abortion in the Ohio Constitution. Despite the constitutional amendment, the Republican leaders of Ohio have defended the six-week abortion ban in courts.

Abortion in Tennessee is illegal from fertilization, except to "prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman".

Abortion in Iowa is legal up to 20 weeks of gestation. A 6-week abortion ban has been indefinitely blocked in court.

Abortion in Wyoming is currently legal due to a temporary court injunction.

References

  1. 1 2
    • Zernike, Kate; Sasani, Ava (May 23, 2023). "South Carolina Senate Passes 6-Week Abortion Ban". The New York Times . Retrieved May 3, 2024. Because pregnancy is considered to start on the first day of a woman's last menstrual period, six weeks is roughly two weeks after she has missed a period, before many women know they are pregnant.
    • Collins, Jeffrey (May 3, 2023). "What defines a heartbeat? Judge hears arguments in South Carolina abortion case". Associated Press . Retrieved May 3, 2024. South Carolina's ban on abortions after roughly six weeks, before many women know they are pregnant, returned to court Thursday…
    • Pierson, Brendan (August 24, 2023). "South Carolina's top court upholds state's 'heartbeat' abortion ban". Reuters . Retrieved May 3, 2024. South Carolina's highest court on Wednesday upheld a new state law banning abortion after fetal heart activity is detected, usually around six weeks of pregnancy, months after it blocked a similar ban.
    • "South Carolina to become latest US state to restrict abortion". France 24 . Agence France-Presse. May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2024. At six weeks, many women don't know they are pregnant.
    • Noor, Poppy (June 23, 2023). "A year after Roe's fall, fears of US abortion bans become reality". CNN . Retrieved May 3, 2024. … bans most abortions after early cardiac activity can be detected in a fetus or embryo, commonly as early as six weeks into pregnancy, before many women know they are pregnant.
    • Robins-Early, Nick (May 24, 2023). "South Carolina passes six-week abortion ban after heated debate". The Guardian . Retrieved May 3, 2024. … would ban most abortions at about six weeks, a period when most people are unaware they are pregnant.
  2. ↑ Pollard, James (2023-05-25). "South Carolina Governor Signs New Abortion Ban Into Law". HuffPost. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  3. ↑ El-Bawab, Nadine (2023-05-26). "Judge grants injunction, allows abortions to resume in South Carolina". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  4. ↑ Pollard, James (23 August 2023). "South Carolina's new all-male highest court reverses course on abortion, upholding strict 6-week ban". The Boston Globe. The Associated Press. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  5. 1 2 Pollard, James (January 5, 2023). "South Carolina Supreme Court strikes down state abortion ban". Associated Press .
  6. ↑ Planned Parenthood South Atlantic, et al. v. State of South Carolina, et al.
  7. 1 2 Rabin, Roni Caryn (14 Feb 2022). "Abortion Opponents Hear a 'Heartbeat.' Most Experts Hear Something Else". The New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  8. ↑ Schneier, Elena (May 25, 2022). "South Carolina Democrat seeks to make abortion key issue in governor's race". Politico . Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sausser, Lauren (23 December 2018). "As national abortion rate drops, SC women increasingly terminate pregnancies elsewhere". Post and Courier. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID   11652642.
  11. ↑ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  12. ↑ "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  13. ↑ "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  14. ↑ "SC - 123rd General Assembly - House Bill 3020". LegisScan. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  15. ↑ "SC - 123rd General Assembly - House Bill 3020". LegisScan. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  16. ↑ "State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills". PBS NewsHour. 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  17. ↑ "SC - 122nd General Assembly - House Bill 5403". LegiScan. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  18. 1 2 Tavernise, Sabrina (2019-05-15). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  19. ↑ Lai, K. K. Rebecca (2019-05-15). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  20. ↑ By. "SC House passes 6-week 'fetal heartbeat' abortion ban". thestate. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  21. ↑ Tripp, Drew (March 19, 2021). "Judge blocks 'baffling' South Carolina abortion ban, says it wasn't even a 'close call'". abcnews4.com . Archived from the original on 18 July 2021.
  22. ↑ Collins, Jeffrey (September 27, 2022). "South Carolina lawmakers won't pass stricter abortion laws". Associated Press . Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  23. ↑ Thompson, Alexander (2023-05-25). "Gov. McMaster signs SC's 6-week abortion ban, drawing immediate court challenge". Post and Courier. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  24. 1 2 Pollard, James (August 25, 2023). "South Carolina abortion ban with unclear 'fetal heartbeat' definition creates confusion, doctors say". Associated Press . Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  25. ↑ Weixel, Nathaniel (February 5, 2024). "South Carolina woman sues to clarify state's 'heartbeat' abortion ban". The Hill . Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  26. ↑ Stuart, Tessa (March 13, 2023). "21 South Carolina GOP Lawmakers Propose Death Penalty for Women Who Have Abortions". Rolling Stone.
  27. ↑ Neukam, Stephen (2023-03-13). "South Carolina GOP lawmakers propose death penalty for women who have abortions". The Hill. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  28. ↑ "South Carolina's only women senators resist new abortion restrictions up for debate". PBS NewsHour. 2023-05-23. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  29. ↑ "South Carolina women senators who fought abortion ban to receive JFK Profile in Courage award". AP News. 2023-09-19. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  30. ↑ de Vogue, Arinne (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  31. ↑ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  32. 1 2 "Timeline of Important Reproductive Freedom Cases Decided by the Supreme Court". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  33. ↑ Ferguson v. City of Charleston , 186F.3d469 ( 4th Cir. 1999).
  34. ↑ Ferguson v. City of Charleston , 528 U.S. 1187(2000).
  35. ↑ Ferguson, 532 U.S. at 88-89 (Kennedy, J., concurring in the judgment).
  36. ↑ Pollard, James (January 5, 2023). "South Carolina Supreme Court strikes down state abortion ban". Associated Press .
  37. ↑ Thompson, Alexander (2023-05-26). "SC judge blocks Legislature's new 6-week abortion ban while legal challenge plays out". Post and Courier. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  38. ↑ Pollard, James (August 24, 2023). "South Carolina's new all-male highest court reverses course on abortion, upholding strict 6-week ban". Associated Press . Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  39. 1 2 Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. Diane Publishing. ISBN   9780788174810.
  40. ↑ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-05-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ Panetta, Grace; lee, Samantha (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  42. ↑ "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood" . Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  43. ↑ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR   2133995. PMID   1269687.
  44. ↑ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  45. ↑ "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  46. ↑ "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  47. ↑ "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  48. ↑ "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Guttmacher Institute. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  49. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   29166366.
  50. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   30462632.
  51. ↑ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1 . ISSN   1546-0738. PMC   6289084 . PMID   31774741.
  52. ↑ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA Today. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  53. ↑ Salsameda, Chloe (June 26, 2022). "Hundreds rally for abortion rights in Greenville". CBS 7. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  54. ↑ Dean, Rochelle (May 16, 2023). "Protestors rally against 6 week abortion ban" . Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  55. ↑ "When it comes to abortion, conservative women aren't a monolith". USA Today. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  56. ↑ Donovan, Spencer (February 27, 2023). "Confrontation outside Greenville abortion clinic posted to TikTok" . Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  57. ↑ Hughes, Conor (October 10, 2023). "Frequent clashes at Greenville abortion clinic force sheriff to request new protest rules" . Retrieved October 11, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.