Acts 1

Acts 1
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Tischendorf's facsimile from 1870 of Acts 1:1–5 in Latin (left column) and Greek (right column) in Codex Laudianus, written about AD 550.
Book	Acts of the Apostles
Category	Church history
Christian Bible part	New Testament
Order in the Christian part	5

Acts 1 is the first chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke. ^[1] This chapter functions as a transition from the "former account" (that is, the Gospel of Luke) with a narrative prelude (verses 1–5), repeated record of the ascension of Jesus Christ with more detail (verses 6–11) and the meeting of Jesus' followers (verses 12–26), ^[2] until before Pentecost.

Text

The beginning of the Acts of the Apostles in folio 11 recto of Minuscule 223 (Gregory-Aland) from the 14th century.

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 26 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

• Codex Vaticanus (AD 325–350)
• Codex Sinaiticus (330–360)
• Codex Bezae (~400)
• Codex Alexandrinus (400–440)
• Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; extant verses 3–26)
• Papyrus 56 (5th/6th century)
• Codex Laudianus (~550)

Old Testament references

• Acts 1:16: Psalms 41:9 ^[3]
• Acts 1:20: Psalm 69:25; Psalm 109:8 ^{[4] [3]}

New Testament references

• Acts 1:1–3: Luke 1:1–4
• Acts 1:4: Luke 24:49 ^[3]
• Acts 1:5: Matthew 3:11 ^[3]
• Acts 1:9: Luke 14:51 ^[3]

Locations

Jerusalem

Judea

↑ Samaria

Bethany

Mount of Olives

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Places mentioned in this chapter

This chapter mentions the following places:

• Bethany
• Jerusalem
• Judea
• Mount of Olives
• Samaria

Introduction (1:1–5)

The beginning of the book offers a conventional opening statement containing the name of the addressee, Theophilus, and a brief reminder of the content of the "former account" (the Gospel of Luke) by the same author. ^[2]

Verses 1–3

¹The former account I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach, ²until the day in which He was taken up, after He through the Holy Spirit had given commandments to the apostles whom He had chosen, ³to whom He also presented Himself alive after His suffering by many infallible proofs, being seen by them during forty days and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God. ^[5]

• The "former account" (from Greek: πρῶτον λόγον, próton logon , lit. "first book" ^[6] ) refers to the Gospel of Luke.
• "Theophilus" (written in Greek in vocative word form): the intended reader of this book, as well as the previous one (Luke 1:3), might be a "patron" who is already informed about "things which have been fulfilled among us", but still needs "assurance" to "know the certainty of those things" (Luke 1:1-4). ^[6]
• Luke describes Jesus as "alive after his sufferings", or "alive after his passion". ^[7] There are later phrases in Acts which show that Jesus was "raised from the dead", e.g. Acts 17:3. ^[8] William Gilson Humphry referred to "passion" (Greek : το παθειν, to pathein) as a "sacred term" to be used in the translation of this verse, ^[9] whereas E. H. Plumptre preferred to say "He had suffered", suggesting that the authorised translation, passion, "somewhat anticipate[d] the later special sense" of the word. ^[10]

Verse 4

And being assembled together with them, He commanded them not to depart from Jerusalem, but to wait for the Promise of the Father, "which", He said, "you have heard from Me". ^[11]

Forty days after his resurrection, Jesus commands the disciples during a meal to stay in Jerusalem and to wait for the coming of the Holy Spirit. The Greek : συναλιζομενος (sunalizomenos) is rendered as "he was eating with them" in the New International Version. ^[12] Some translations state that they were "assembled" or "gathered" together. Whether "eating" represents the correct interpretation has been long debated. ^[13]

Ascension of Jesus (1:6–12)

Main article: Ascension of Jesus

Then a cloud takes Jesus upward from sight, and two men in white appear to tell them (the disciples) that he will return "in the same way you have seen him go into heaven." ^[14]

Verse 8

A map of first century Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria and neighboring areas.

[Jesus says:] "But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth." ^[15]

Before Jesus left, he charged the disciples with the task of acting as 'witnesses' to him, in the locations that can be read as a 'geographical program' for the whole book of Acts:

• The first 7 chapters set in Jerusalem
• Chapter 8—11 record the spread of the gospel to the surrounding areas within Syria-Palestine ('Judea and Samaria')
• Chapter 13 onwards following Paul's mission to ever farther places. ^[16]

Luke chapter 24 ^{[lower-alpha 1]} tells how Jesus leads the eleven disciples "as far as" Bethany, a village on the Mount of Olives, where he instructs them to remain in Jerusalem until the coming of the Holy Spirit: "And it came to pass, while he blessed them, he parted from them, and was carried up into heaven. And they worshiped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy" (Luke 24:51–52). ^[18]

The Gospel of John has three references to ascension in Jesus' own words: "No one has ascended into heaven but he who descended from heaven, the son of man" (John 3:13); "What if you (the disciples) were to see the son of man ascending where he was before?" (John 6:62); and to Mary Magdalene after his resurrection, "Do not hold me, for I not yet ascended to my father..." (John 20:17). ^[18] Various epistles (Romans 8:34, Ephesians 1:19–20, Colossians 3:1, Philippians 2:9–11, 1 Timothy 3:16, and 1 Peter 3:21–22) also refer to an ascension in relation to the post-resurrection "exaltation" of Jesus to the right hand of God. ^[19] Gospel of Mark (Mark 16:19) contains the brief ascension account, but it is considered by a broad consensus among scholars to be a later addition to the original version of that gospel. ^[20]

Verse 12

Mount of Olives, seen from Jerusalem (1934)

Then the apostles returned to Jerusalem from the hill called the Mount of Olives, a Sabbath day's walk from the city. ^[21]

• "The hill called the Mount of Olives" (ESV: "the mount called Olivet"): This geographical site is mentioned by Luke alone in the narrative of Jesus' last entry into Jerusalem (Luke 19:29) and as a place to rest during Jesus' final ministry of teaching (Luke 21:37). ^[22] Luke 24:50 names Bethany as the site of ascension, which is identified in Luke 19:29 as a location at the Mount of Olives. ^[22]
• "A Sabbath day's walk" (Greek: Σαββάτου ὁδὸν): 2,000 cubits (= 5 furlongs), ^[23] about 5/8 mile or about 1 kilometer, ^[24] showing a proximity to Jerusalem (fulfilling Jesus' command in Luke 24:49), as well as portraying the disciples as faithful Jews (cf. Luke 23:54–56). ^[22] The distance seems differ significantly with the Bethany in John 11:18, ^[22] but the ascension site, according to Lightfoot, ^[25] "was from the place where that tract of the Mount of Olives ceased to be called Bethphage and began to be called Bethany", not inside the village (15 furlongs far in Gospel of John). ^[26]

Election of Matthias (1:13–26)

As the disciples waited obediently in the upper room ^{[lower-alpha 2]} in Jerusalem for the promised coming of the Holy Spirit, they devoted themselves "with one accord" in prayer (verse 14), underlying the unity of the group which surprisingly now includes Jesus' mother, brothers, and some women. ^[16]

Verse 13 lists the names of the apostles with some differences compared to the apostolic list in Luke 6:14–16 (cf. Matthew 10:1–4; Mark 3:13–19): ^[27]

• Andrew was moved down from the second place to the fourth place after John
• Thomas was moved up from the eighth place to the sixth place following Philip
• Judas Iscariot is no longer listed.

The omission of Judas Iscariot motivates the narrative of his final fate and Peter's call to find his replacement. ^[16] The process begins by Peter's appeal to the Scripture (verse 20), ^[16] and the requirements for the candidate (verses 21–22). ^[28] With this, Peter reinforces the identity of the group and exerts his de facto authority in the group. ^[16]

Verse 14

These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with His brothers. ^[29]

• "Mary the mother of Jesus": was mentioned by name for the first time in Luke-Acts since the infancy narrative in Luke 2. ^[27]
• "Brothers": or "brothers and sisters", translated from the plural Greek word adelphoi, which, depending on the context in New Testament usage, may refer either to "brothers" or to "brothers and sisters" (also verse 1:15 in some versions). ^[30]

Verse 15

In those days Peter stood up among the disciples (the number of people together was about a hundred and twenty), and said, ^[31]

• "Stood up": from Greek: ἀναστὰς: adding a participle to a finite verb ("to stand") to indicate the posture or position of a speaker is a characteristic of Luke as this word is found in Luke's Gospel 17 times, and in Acts 19 times, only twice in Matthew, six or seven times in Mark. ^{[lower-alpha 3] [26]}

Verses 21–22

[Peter says:] "²¹Therefore, of these men who have accompanied us all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, ²²beginning ('arxamenos') from the baptism of John to that day when He was taken up from us, one of these must become a witness ('martyra') with us of His resurrection." ^[32]

• "Went in and out": is a "Semitism or Septuagintalism" expression (cf. Psalm 121:8), comparable to the English phrase "comings and goings". ^[28]
• "Beginning" (Greek: ἀρξάμενος, arxamenos ): The "baptism" of John" to "that day when He was taken up from us" (ascension) mark the scope for the story of Jesus, with an emphasis on "His resurrection". ^[28] In Acts 10, Luke notes Peter preaching the gospel using "precisely the same parameters" – also using arxamenos ("began") –with the claim of being a witness (accusative Greek: μάρτυρα, martyra ; plural: martyres) specifically to the resurrection (Acts 10:36-42). ^[33]

[Peter preaches to Cornelius and his household:] "³⁶The word which God sent to the children of Israel, preaching peace through Jesus Christ—He is Lord of all— ³⁷that word you know, which was proclaimed throughout all Judea, and began ('arxamenos') from Galilee after the baptism which John preached: ³⁸how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with power, who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with Him. ³⁹And we are witnesses ('martyres') of all things which He did both in the land of the Jews and in Jerusalem, whom they killed by hanging on a tree. ⁴⁰Him God raised up on the third day, and showed Him openly, ⁴¹not to all the people, but to witnesses chosen before by God, even to us who ate and drank with Him after He arose from the dead. ⁴²And He commanded us to preach to the people, and to testify that it is He who was ordained by God to be Judge of the living and the dead. ⁴³To Him all the prophets witness that, through His name, whoever believes in Him will receive remission of sins." ^[34]

The apostles proceed by asking God as the only resource to 'indicate' his choice through the casting of lots (verse 26), which is a familiar mean to ascertain divine purpose in both the Graeco-Roman world and the Bible, ^[16] to get Matthias "numbered with the eleven apostles" (verse 26).

Verse 26

And they cast their lots, and the lot fell on Matthias. And he was numbered with the eleven apostles. ^[35]

• "Matthias": only mentioned in this chapter in the whole Bible, he was chosen by casting lots to be included as "the Twelve" (replacing Judas Iscariot) from then on. ^[36]

See also

• Ascension of Jesus
• Bethany
• Church of the Ascension, Jerusalem
• Mount of Olives
• Simon Peter
• Jerusalem
• Judas Iscariot
• Theophilus (biblical)
• Related Bible parts: Psalm 69, Psalm 109, Isaiah 49, Matthew 27, Mark 16, Luke 1, Luke 24, Acts 2

Notes

1. Scholars treated Luke-Acts as a single work from the same anonymous author, which provides the only narrative account of the ascension event. ^{[17] [18]}
2. The word ὑπερῷον, hyperōon , for "upper room" used here is different from ἀνάγαιον, anagaion , for the "upper room" where the Last Supper was held in Luke 22:12, but could be the same room. ^[27]
3. Luke also uses σταθείς ("stood") three times in Gospel, six times in Acts, but the other Evangelists do not use it at all. ^[26]

References

1. Alexander 2007, p. 1028.
2. Alexander 2007, p. 1030.
3. "Biblical concordances of Acts 1 in the 1611 King James Version". Archived from the original on 2023-12-23. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
4. Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 839. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
5. Acts 1:1–3: NKJV
6. Johnson 1992, p. 24.
7. Acts 1:3: Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition, also King James Version
8. Meyer, H. A. W. (1880), Meyer's NT Commentary on Acts 1 Archived 2024-02-19 at the Wayback Machine , translated from the German sixth edition, accessed 19 February 2024
9. Nicoll, W. R., Expositor's Greek Testament Archived 2024-02-19 at the Wayback Machine on Acts 1, accessed 19 February 2024
10. Plumptre, E. (1905), Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Archived 2024-02-28 at the Wayback Machine on Acts 1, accessed 19 February 2024
11. Acts 1:4: NKJV
12. Acts 1:4: NIV
13. Bowen, C. R. (1912), The Meaning of συναλιζομενος in Acts 1,4, accessed 20 February 2024
14. Müller 2016, p. 113-114.
15. Acts 1:8 NKJV
16. Alexander 2007, p. 1031.
17. Thompson 2010, p. 319.
18. Holwerda 1979, p. 310.
19. McDonald 2004, p. 21.
20. Cresswell 2013, unpaginated.
21. Acts 1:12 NKJV
22. Johnson 1992, p. 33.
23. Bengel, Johann. Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament. Acts 1. Archived 2019-04-22 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 22 April 2019.
24. Note [c] on Acts 1:12 in NKJV
25. Lightfoot, John, Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae, on the Gospel of Luke.
26. Expositor's Greek Testament. Acts 1 Archived 2019-04-22 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 22 April 2019.
27. Johnson 1992, p. 34.
28. Bauckham 2017, p. 114.
29. Acts 1:14 MEV
30. Note [a] on Acts 1:14 in ESV
31. Acts 1:15 MEV
32. Acts 1:21–22 NKJV
33. Bauckham 2017, p. 115.
34. Acts 10:36–42 NKJV
35. Acts 2:26 NKJV
36. Jacque Eugène. Jacquier, "St. Matthias." Archived 2011-04-22 at the Wayback Machine The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 10 August 2014

Sources

• Alexander, Loveday (2007). "62. Acts". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 1028–1061. ISBN   978-0-19-927718-6 . Retrieved February 6, 2019.
• Bauckham, Richard (2017). Jesus and the Eyewitnesses (2nd ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN   978-0-8028-7431-3.
• Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-528881-0.
• Cresswell, Peter (2013). The Invention of Jesus: How the Church Rewrote the New Testament. Duncan Baird Publishers. ISBN   978-1-78028-621-1.
• Holwerda, D.E. (1979). "Ascension". In Bromiley, Geoffrey (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN   978-0-8028-3781-3.
• Johnson, Luke Timothy (1992). Harrington, Daniel J. (ed.). The Acts of the Apostles. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN   978-0-8146-5807-9.
• McDonald, Lee Martin (2004). "Acts". In Combes, Isobel A. H.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (eds.). Bible Knowledge Background Commentary. David C Cook. ISBN   978-0-7814-4006-6.
• Müller, Mogens (2016). "Acts as biblical rewriting of the gospels and Paul's letters". In Müller, Mogens; Nielsen, Jesper Tang (eds.). Luke's Literary Creativity. Bloomsbury. ISBN   978-0-567-66583-6.
• Thompson, Richard P. (2010). "Luke-Acts: The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles". In Aune, David E. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament. Wiley–Blackwell. ISBN   978-1-4443-1894-4.

External links

• Acts 1 King James Bible - Wikisource
• English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2020-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
• Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
• Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)