Adelphobates

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Adelphobates
Adelphobates castaneoticus.jpg
Adelphobates castaneoticus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dendrobatidae
Subfamily: Dendrobatinae
Genus: Adelphobates
Grant et al., 2006 [1]
Type species
Adelphobates castaneoticus
(Caldwell and Myers, 1990)
Species

3 species (see text)

Adelphobates is a small genus of poison dart frogs. They are found in the central and lower Amazon basin of Peru and Brazil, possibly Bolivia. [2] It was originally erected as a sister group to the Dendrobates and Oophaga genera. [1] The validity of the genus is still being discussed, with the alternative being "Dendrobates galactonotus group" within Dendrobates . [2] One species originally placed in this genus as Adelphobates captivus has since been moved to the genus Excidobates erected in 2008. [3]

Contents

Etymology

Adelphobates is from the Ancient Greek, adelphos (brother or twin) and bates (walker or climber)."Brothers" refers to Charles W. Myers and John W. Daly, two unrelated scientists directly involved with studies of the species. [1]

Biology

All members have conspicuous, vibrant coloration, and smooth skin. [1] A peculiar feature of their reproduction is that tadpoles are transported to Brazil nut capsules lying on the forest floor. Cannibalism may result if more than one tadpole ends up in the same capsule. [4]

Poison

All poison frogs are toxic and noxious. Like frogs of the genus Dendrobates, Adelphobates contain Pumiliotoxin 251D, which is hydroxylated to Allopumiliotoxin 267A, which is 5 times more toxic. The median lethal dose is 200 μg/kg and 40 μg/kg respectively. [5] [6]

Species

There are three species: [2] [7]

Genus Adelphobates Hodgson, 1838 – two species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Brazil-nut poison frog

Adelphobates castaneoticus 250735951.jpg

Adelphobates castaneoticus
(Caldwell and Myers, 1990)
State of Pará in Brazil
Adelphobates castaneoticus map-fr.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


Splash-backed poison frog or splashback poison frog

P.E.CRISTALINO 1.JPG

Adelphobates galactonotus
(Steindachner, 1864)
Southern Amazon Basin in Brazil.
Adelphobates galactonotus map-fr.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


Amazonian poison frog

Adelphobates quinquevitatus.jpg

Adelphobates quinquevittatus
(Steindachner, 1864)
Southern Amazon Basin in Brazil and Bolivia.
Adelphobates quinquevittatus map-fr.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


Related Research Articles

<i>Dendrobates</i> Genus of amphibians

Dendrobates is a genus of poison dart frogs native to Central and South America. It once contained numerous species, but most originally placed in this genus have been split off into other genera such as Adelphobates, Ameerega, Andinobates, Epipedobates, Excidobates, Oophaga, Phyllobates and Ranitomeya, leaving only five large to medium-sized species in the genus Dendrobates. All the other genera used to be grouped in with Dendrobates because it was previously thought that all brightly colored poison dart frogs came from the same ancestor but this has since been proven to be incorrect. Dendrobates and Phyllobates evolved conspicuous coloration from the same common ancestor but not the same as any of the other genera listed above.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aromobatidae</span> Family of amphibians

The Aromobatidae are a family of frogs native to Central and South America. They are sometimes referred to as cryptic forest frogs or cryptic poison frogs. They are the sister taxon of the Dendrobatidae, the poison dart frogs, but are not as toxic as most dendrobatids are.

The polkadot poison frog is a species of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae endemic to Panama, where it is known as rana venenosa in Spanish. Its natural habitats are humid lowland and montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss and is listed by the IUCN as being "critically endangered".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-bellied poison frog</span> Species of amphibian

The blue-bellied poison frog or bluebelly poison frog is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vicente's poison frog</span> Species of amphibian

Vicente's poison frog is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae that is endemic to the Veraguas and Coclé Provinces of central Panama. It is a little known arboreal frog that inhabits humid tropical lowland and montane forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleasing poison frog</span> Species of amphibian

The pleasing poison frog is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae endemic to Peru. The specific name bassleri honors Harvey Bassler, an American geologist and paleontologist.

<i>Ameerega bilinguis</i> Species of amphibian

Ameerega bilinguis, the Ecuador poison frog, is a species of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae found in Colombia, Ecuador, and possibly Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manú poison frog</span> Species of amphibian

The Manú poison frog is a frog species in the family Dendrobatidae found in southern Peru and Brazil. It can be found in the drainages of the Manú, Urubamba, Upper Purus and Ucayali Rivers. It can also be found in Serra do Divisor National Park and Alto Juruá Extractive Reserve.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peru poison frog</span> Species of amphibian

The Peru poison frog, also known as Peruvian poison frog, Peruvian poison-arrow frog and emerald poison frog, is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is found in eastern Peru and western Brazil. Its natural habitats are primary premontane and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.

The Oxapampa poison frog is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae endemic to Peru near Oxapampa, in the Pasco Region. Its natural habitat is montane tropical rainforest. It is a very rare species threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Hyloxalus</i> Genus of amphibians

Hyloxalus is a genus of poison dart frogs, family Dendrobatidae. The genus is distributed in Central and South America, from Panama south to Peru, along with Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. They also inhabit the eastern foothills of the Andes in Bolivia to Venezuela, east to the upper Amazon Basin.

<i>Oophaga</i> Genus of amphibians

Oophaga is a genus of poison-dart frogs containing twelve species, many of which were formerly placed in the genus Dendrobates. The frogs are distributed in Central and South America, from Nicaragua south through the El Chocó to northern Ecuador. Their habitats vary with some species being arboreal while other being terrestrial, but the common feature is that their tadpoles are obligate egg feeders. Most species in this genus are seriously threatened and O. speciosa is already extinct.

<i>Ameerega</i> Genus of amphibians

Ameerega is a genus of poison dart frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. These frogs live around rocks that are nearby streams. They are found in central South America north to Panama. It contains many former species of the genus Epipedobates.

<i>Silverstoneia</i> Genus of amphibians

Silverstoneia is a genus of poison dart frogs from southern Central America and northern South America, between southwestern Costa Rica and southwestern Colombia. It is named in honour of Phillip A. Silverstone, an expert on dendrobatoid frogs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyloxalinae</span> Subfamily of amphibians

Hyloxalinae is a subfamily of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae.

<i>Ranitomeya</i> Genus of amphibians

Ranitomeya is a genus of dart poison frogs found in Panama and South America south to Peru and Brazil, possibly into Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dendrobatinae</span> Subfamily of amphibians

Dendrobatinae is the main subfamily of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae, the poison dart frogs of Central and South America, found from Nicaragua to the Amazon basin in Brazil.

<i>Anomaloglossus</i> Genus of amphibians

Anomaloglossus is a genus of frogs in the family Aromobatidae. The genus is endemic to the Guiana Shield in northern South America. It used to be placed in the family Dendrobatidae, and is still placed in that family by some sources. The name of the genus, from the Greek anomalos and glossa (=tongue), refers to the unusual tongue bearing the median lingual process, the only unambiguous phenotypic synapomorphy of this genus.

<i>Rheobates</i> Genus of amphibians

Rheobates is a genus of frogs in the family Aromobatidae. It is endemic to Colombia. These are cryptically coloured frogs with extensive toe webbing. The name Rheobates is derived from the Greek words rheo and βάτης bátēs, in reference to the riparian habitat of the type species Rheobates palmatus. They are associated with streams in sub-Andean forests and foothills of the Andes at low to medium altitudes.

Epipedobates narinensis is a species of poison dart frog. It was first described as a distinct species in 2008.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Grant, Taran; Frost, Darrel R.; Caldwell, Janalee P.; Gagliardo, Ron; Haddad, Célio F.B.; Kok, Philippe J.R.; Means, D. Bruce; Noonan, Brice P.; Schargel, Walter E.; Wheeler, Ward C. (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 299: 1–262. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2.
  2. 1 2 3 Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Adelphobates Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  3. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Excitobates Twomey and Brown, 2008". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  4. Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 490.
  5. Daly, John W.; Ware, Nathaniel; Saporito, Ralph A.; Spande, Thomas F.; Garraffo, H. Martin (June 2009). "N-Methyldecahydroquinolines: An Unexpected Class of Alkaloids from Amazonian Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae)". Journal of Natural Products. 72 (6): 1110–1114. doi:10.1021/np900094v. ISSN   0163-3864. PMC   3290094 . PMID   19432407.
  6. Schulte, Bruce A.; Goodwin, Thomas E.; Ferkin, Michael H. (2015-12-09). Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 13. Springer. ISBN   978-3-319-22026-0.
  7. "Dendrobatidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.

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