Anemone

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Anemone
Anemones5.jpg
Anemone coronaria
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily: Ranunculoideae
Tribe: Anemoneae
Genus: Anemone
L.
Type species
Anemone coronaria
L.
Synonyms [1]
  • AbelemisRaf. ex Britton
  • AnemanthusFourr.
  • FlammaraHill
  • HartianaRaf.
  • Pulsatilloides(DC.) Starod.

Anemone ( /əˈnɛməniː/ ) is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are commonly called windflowers. [2] They are native to the temperate and subtropical regions of all continents except Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and the Middle East. [1] The genus is closely related to several other genera including Anemonoides , Anemonastrum , Hepatica , and Pulsatilla . Some botanists include these genera within Anemone. [3] [4]

Description

An illustration of an anemone Anemone (PSF).png
An illustration of an anemone

Anemone are perennials that have basal leaves with long leaf-stems that can be upright or prostrate. Leaves are simple or compound with lobed, parted, or undivided leaf blades. The leaf margins are toothed or entire.

Flowers with 4–27 sepals are produced singly, in cymes of 2–9 flowers, or in umbels, above a cluster of leaf- or sepal-like bracts. Sepals may be any color. The pistils have one ovule. The flowers have nectaries, but petals are missing in the majority of species.

The fruits are ovoid to obovoid shaped achenes that are collected together in a tight cluster, ending variously lengthened stalks; though many species have sessile clusters terminating the stems. The achenes are beaked and some species have feathery hairs attached to them. [5]

Taxonomy

Anemone was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is situated in the tribe Anemoneae, subfamily Ranunculoideae, and the family Ranunculaceae. [6] [7] As considered in the broader sense ( sensu lato ) the genus is sometimes considered to include a number of other genera, such as Anemonoides , Anemonastrum , Hepatica , Pulsatilla , Knowltonia , Barneoudia , and Oreithales . [8] Several of these were included as separate genera within Anemoneae by Wang et al., a tribe with six genera in total. [7]

Early molecular analyses divided the genus into two subgenera ( Anemonidium and Anemone), with seven sections, and 12 informal subsections. [9] Ziman and colleagues (2008) treated the genus Anemone as 5 subgenera, 23 sections, 4 subsections, 23 series and about 118 species. [10] A further reclassification by Hoot and colleagues (2012) estimated 200 species. [8]

Hoot et al. found many of the previously defined subdivisions, based on morphological characteristics were polyphyletic or paraphyletic. In contrast two clearly defined monophyletic clades emerged corresponding to the above two subgenera. Anemonidium demonstrated four subclades, corresponding to sections. The larger subgenus Anemone showed a similar pattern.

Hoot et al. proposed the following two subgenera and several sections be retained, with a number of subsections and series:

Species

Anemone drummondii Anemone drummondii.jpg
Anemone drummondii
Anemone hortensis Ranuncolaceae - Anemone hortensis-2.JPG
Anemone hortensis
Anemone virginiana Anemone virginiana var. virginiana (1).jpg
Anemone virginiana

As of April 2020 Kew's Plants of the World Online lists 63 species in the genus Anemone: [1]

Etymology

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Greek ἀνεμώνη (anemōnē) means 'daughter of the wind', from ἄνεμος (ánemos, 'wind') + feminine patronymic suffix -ώνη (-ṓnē, so 'daughter of'). [11] The Metamorphoses of Ovid tells that the plant was created by the goddess Aphrodite when she sprinkled nectar on the blood of her dead lover Adonis, and Ovid describes the etymology as referring to the frailty of the petals that can be easily blown away by the wind. "Anemone" may also refer to Nea'man, the Phoenician name for Adonis, referring to an earlier Syrian myth of the god of vegetation, also tusked by a boar. [12] The common name windflower is used for the entire genus. [13] [14]

Ecology

Diseases and pests

Anemone species are sometimes targeted by cutworms, the larvae of noctuid moths such as angle shades and heart and dart.[ citation needed ]

Cultivation

Pink anemone Anemone.png
Pink anemone

Some of the species are grown in gardens. Their popularity varies by species and region. In addition to certain straight species being available, hybrids and cultivars are available for certain species. Certain species, such as Anemone coronaria , are typically only available in hybrid form while others, such as Anemonoides blanda are nearly always sold in straight species form.

Cultivated anemones are nearly always one of the following colors: bluish violet, white, pink, red, and hues in a range between violet and pink. There are no truly blue anemones, despite the frequent use of the label "blue" in marketing to describe blue-violet flowers (flowers that are more violet than blue). Color labelling inaccuracy in marketing is found in treatments of numerous other genera, especially as it concerns the color blue — although some popular garden flowers from the same family are actually blue, such as some selections from Delphinium . One species of anemone, Anemone ranunculoides , is unusual for its yellow flowers. In horticultural terms there are three main groups:

  1. spring-flowering species found in woodland and alpine meadows, often tuberous or rhizomatous; e.g. Anemonoides nemorosa, Anemonoides blanda
  2. spring- and summer-flowering species from hot dry areas, with tuberous roots, e.g. Anemone coronaria
  3. summer- and autumn-flowering species with fibrous roots, which thrive in moist dappled shade; e.g. Eriocapitella hupehensis [15]

The spring-flowering autumn-planted ephemeral species Anemonoides blanda is grown in large-scale commercial cultivation and can be purchased in bulk quantities. It is most commonly-available with a bluish violet flower (usually erroneously called "Blue Shades" despite its flower being more purple than blue) that varies from intense to pale, depending upon the individual plant and possibly soil conditions. A white-flowered form is the second-most common type. The least common of the commonly-cultivated forms is a pale pink. The violet, and especially pink, forms sometimes possess petals that fade to white near the flower center. The genus contains quite a number of other spring-flowering species. A. hortensis and the hybrid A. fulgens have less-divided leaves than some others and have rose-purple or scarlet flowers. [16]

Among the most well-known anemones is A. coronaria, often called the poppy anemone. It is a tuberous-rooted plant with parsley-like divided leaves and large poppy-like blossoms on stalks of from 15–20 cm high. It can be planted in the fall in zones 7 or 8 without extra protection or in spring in cooler zones. If planted in fall it will flower in the spring and if planted in the spring it will flower in late summer. The flowers are typically scarlet, crimson, bluish purple, reddish purple, or white. There are also double-flowered varieties, in which the stamens in the centre are replaced by a tuft of narrow petals. It has been used as a garden plant, in hybrid form in particular, for a long time in some parts of the world. Double forms are named varieties. [16] Hybrids of the de Caen and St. Brigid groups are the most prevalent on the market. In Israel, large numbers of red-flowering non-hybrid A. coronaria can be seen growing in certain natural areas.

Eriocapitella hupehensis , and its white cultivar 'Honorine Joubert', the latter especially, are well-known autumn-flowering selections. They grow well in well-drained but moisture-retentive soil and reach 60–100 cm in height, blooming continually for several weeks. E. hupehensis, E. vitifolia, and their hybrids and are particularly attractive to honeybees.[ citation needed ] A number of low-growing species, such as the native British Anemonoides nemorosa and Anemonoides apennina, have woodlands and other shady places as their habitat. [16] Hepatica species typically also grow in shade.

Garden-cultivated anemones generally grow best in a loamy well-drained evenly-moist fertile soil, although the ephemeral A. blanda does not require as much moisture during the summer when it is dormant (unlike the related Eranthis species that can suffer if they become too dry even while dormant). Some prairie species that are rarely cultivated, such as Anemone cylindrica , grow well in drier warmer conditions and poor soil. [17] A. coronaria has been described by some professional sources as preferring acidic soil and by others as preferring alkaline soil. Hardy species may be planted in October in many zones. Unlike a hardier species such as A. blanda, A. coronaria is described as hardy only as low as climate zone 7 by some sources and by others hardy only as low as zone 8. Various strategies, such as the use of protection, can be tried to plant them outdoors in fall in zone 6 but results may vary. As with other plants, some species can be readily raised from seed while some hybrids may be sterile. A. blanda typically blooms in mid spring. [16] The larger anemone species typically grow well in partial shade, or in full sun provided they are shielded from the hottest sun in southern areas. A well-drained soil, enriched with compost, is typically utilized.[ citation needed ]

If cut flowers are desired, it is best to harvest the flowers early in the morning while it is still cold outside while the bloom is still closed. To open your flowers place in room temperature water out of direct sun. A. coronaria blooms can be purchased from some florists, between November and June depending upon availability.

Anemones in culture

"Anemone" has several different meanings depending on the culture and context in which the flower is being used.

Several Western meanings of anemone flowers pertain to the Greek mythology of the origin of the anemone flower featuring Adonis and Aphrodite. The goddess Aphrodite kept the mortal man Adonis as a lover; when Adonis was gored by a wild boar, Aphrodite's tears at his death mixed with his blood and gave rise to the anemone. [18] In other versions, the boar was sent by other jealous Greek gods to murder Adonis. [19] These origin stories reflect the classical dual meanings of the arrival of spring breezes and the death of a loved one.

In the Victorian language of flowers, the anemone[ which? ] represented a forsaken love of any kind, while European peasants carried them[ which? ] to ward off pests and disease as well as bad luck.

In other cultures, the meanings differ. In Chinese and Egyptian cultures, the flower of anemone[ which? ] was considered a symbol of illness due to its coloring. The anemone[ which? ] can be a symbol of bad luck in Eastern cultures. The Japanese anemone may be associated with ill tidings. [14]

The flowers are featured in Robe violette et Anémones , a 1937 painting by Henri Matisse [20]

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ranunculaceae</span> Family of eudicot flowering plants

Ranunculaceae is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide.

<i>Hepatica</i> Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Hepatica is a genus of herbaceous perennials in the buttercup family, native to central and northern Europe, Asia and eastern North America. Some botanists include Hepatica within a wider interpretation of Anemone.

<i>Anemonoides nemorosa</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides nemorosa, the wood anemone, is an early-spring flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to Europe. Other common names include windflower, European thimbleweed, and smell fox, an allusion to the musky smell of the leaves. It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing 5–15 cm (2–6 in) tall.

Windflower may refer to:

<i>Adonis</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Adonis is a genus of about 20–30 species of flowering plants of the crowfoot family, Ranunculaceae, native to Europe and Asia.

<i>Knowltonia</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Knowltonia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. There are 25 species native to South Africa and Latin America. The juice from the stem of many of the species in the genus is a powerful vesicant.

<i>Anemone coronaria</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemone coronaria, the poppy anemone, Spanish marigold, or windflower, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to the Mediterranean region.

<i>Anemonoides quinquefolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides quinquefolia, a flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to North America. It is commonly called wood anemone or windflower, not to be confused with Anemonoides nemorosa, a closely related European species also known by these common names. The specific epithet quinquefolia means "five-leaved", which is a misnomer since each leaf has just three leaflets. A plant typically has a single, small white flower with 5 sepals.

<i>Anemone hepatica</i> Species of flowering plant

Anemone hepatica, the common hepatica, liverwort, liverleaf, kidneywort, or pennywort, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This herbaceous perennial grows from a rhizome.

<i>Anemonoides lancifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides lancifolia, the lanceleaf anemone or mountain thimbleweed, is an herbaceous plant species in the family Ranunculaceae. The genus occurs in the Southeastern United States. Plants grow 20 to 30 cm tall, growing from a horizontally-orientated rhizome, flowering mid-spring to early summer. The flowers have white sepals that are 12–20 mm long. This species much resembles Anemonoides quinquefolia, of which it was formerly considered a subspecies, except that it is larger growing. After flowering, fruits called achenes are formed in a small cluster; each achene is 3.5–5 mm long, lacks wings and has a straight or partly curved beak that is 1–1.5 mm long.

<i>Anemonoides</i> Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, on the continents of North America, Europe, and Asia. The generic name Anemonoides means "anemone-like", a reminder that many of the species were formerly included within the genus Anemone.

<i>Eriocapitella hupehensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Eriocapitella hupehensis, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet hupehensis, which means "from Hupeh province, China", refers to a region where the species is known to occur. In Chinese, it is called dǎ pò wǎn huā huā (打破碗花花), which means "broken bowl flower".

<i>Anemonoides blanda</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides blanda, syn. Anemone blanda, the Balkan anemone, Grecian windflower, or winter windflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. The species is native to southeastern Europe and the Middle East. The specific epithet blanda means "mild" or "charming". The genus name is derived from the Greek word anemos, or wind.

<i>Anemonoides apennina</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides apennina, the Apennine anemone or blue anemone, is a flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, native to southern central Europe, taking its name from the Apennine Mountains, but widely naturalised elsewhere in Europe, including the United Kingdom. It can be confused with Anemonoides nemorosa which it resembles. It grows to 20 cm. In early spring it produces single blue flowers above ferny foliage, which dies down in summer. The flowers are about 3.5 cm across, with 10-15 narrow petals. The leaves are palmate with dark green 3-lobed, toothed leaflets. The leaves are hairy underneath, which is how this plant may be distinguished from the similar Anemone blanda. It is especially valued for its ability to colonise deciduous woodlands, but it is also found in open scrub, under park trees, and near former habitation. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

<i>Eriocapitella</i> Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Eriocapitella is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are native to Asia. The generic name Eriocapitella roughly translates to "growing in a small woolly head", which refers to the hairy ovary and fruit of some members of the genus. Cultivated plants are commonly known as fall-blooming anemones.

<i>Eriocapitella vitifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae

Eriocapitella vitifolia, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet vitifolia means "vine-leaved, with leaves resembling those of Vitis", the genus of grapevines, and so the plant is commonly called the grape-leaved anemone or grape-leaved windflower. In Chinese, a common name is ye mian hua, which means "wild cotton".

<i>Eriocapitella tomentosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Eriocapitella tomentosa, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet tomentosa means "thickly matted with hairs, tomentum (padding)". In Chinese, a common name is da huo cao (大火草), which means "big fire grass" or "great fireweed".

Eriocapitella rupicola, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet rupicola means "growing on rocks". In Chinese, a common name is yan sheng yin lian hua, which means "rock anemone".

<i>Eriocapitella japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Eriocapitella japonica is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The specific epithet japonica means "from Japan", which is a misnomer since the species is introduced in Japan. It is native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Anemone L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  2. ↑ Bill Neal (1992). Gardener's Latin. London: Robert Hale. p. 8. ISBN   0709051069.
  3. ↑ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2007-05-10). "Genus: Anemone L." Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  4. ↑ "Plants Profile, Anemone L." The Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  5. ↑ Dutton, Bryan E.; Keener, Carl S.; Ford, Bruce A. (1997). "Anemone". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 3 October 2016– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ↑ International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). "Plant Name Search Results". International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  7. 1 2 Wang, Wei; Lu, An-Ming; Ren, Yi; Endress, Mary E.; Chen, Zhi-Duan (January 2009). "Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 11 (2): 81–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001.
  8. 1 2 Hoot, Sara B.; Meyer, Kyle M.; Manning, John C. (1 March 2012). "Phylogeny and Reclassification of Anemone (Ranunculaceae), with an Emphasis on Austral Species". Systematic Botany . 37 (1): 139–152. doi:10.1600/036364412X616729. S2CID   85773478.
  9. ↑ Hoot, Sara B.; Reznicek, Anton A.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (January 1994). "Phylogenetic Relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) Based on Morphology and Chloroplast DNA". Systematic Botany. 19 (1): 169. doi:10.2307/2419720. JSTOR   2419720.
  10. ↑ Ziman et al 2011.
  11. ↑ "Anemone" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.(Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  12. ↑ Hitti, Philip K. (1951). History of Syria. p. 117. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  13. ↑ Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN   978-0199206872.
  14. 1 2 "The Anemone Flower: Its Meanings & Symbolism". Flower Meaning. 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  15. ↑ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN   978-1405332965.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Wikisource-logo.svg One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Anemone". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
  17. ↑ Hilty, John. "Thimbleweed". Illinois Wildflowers. Dr. John Hilty. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  18. ↑ Silveira, Cyrino, Monica (2010). Aphrodite. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN   9780415775229. OCLC   277195883.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Kerényi, Karl (1951). The gods of the Greeks . London: Thames, and Hudson. ISBN   0500270481. OCLC   387233.
  20. ↑ Contemporary art detail
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