Designed by John Eberson
John Eberson was the most successful promoter and designer of the atmospheric style. His last atmospheric design in the US was the "Midwest Theatre" at 17 N. Harvey Ave., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, which opened August 1, 1930, but was demolished in 1976. The following seventeen of his atmospheric theatres in the United States are still in operation.
The Akron Civic Theatre was built in 1929 by Marcus Loew and designed by theater architect John Eberson. It opened as Loew's Theatre, and later Cinema Theatre and seats 3,000 people. The auditorium is designed to resemble a night in a Moorish garden. Twinkling stars and drifting clouds travel across the domed ceiling. Located on Akron's South Main Street, the theater's entrance lobby extends over the Ohio and Erie Canal. The theater has a small multicolored terra cotta façade dominated by a large marquee. The interior of the entrance and lobby is designed to resemble a Moorish castle with Mediterranean decor, complete with medieval-style carvings, authentic European antiques and Italian alabaster sculptures. A grand full-sized Wurlitzer organ hidden beneath the stage rises to the stage level on a special elevator. [3] In June 2001, the Akron Civic Theatre closed its doors for the most expensive and extensive renovation in its history in order to bring the theater up to modern performance and patron standards, and to restoring its failing 72-year-old infrastructure. The renovation cost just over $19 million, which included additional restroom facilities, new concession stands and expansion of the lobbies. The renovation allowed for the Civic to better serve customers with special needs by adding more handicapped seating and a new elevator. To bring the theatre up to new standards the dressing rooms were all redone and the stage was expanded from twenty-six feet to forty feet. Also added to the Civic was a freight elevator, a new loading dock and a cross-over space behind the stage's back wall. [4] Other improvements included updating the sound system, HVAC, roof exterior, electrical service and modernizing the plumbing. [4] The newly renovated Civic Theatre re-opened in November 2002.
The Avalon Regal Theater opened in 1927 as the Avalon Theater, known later as the New Regal Theater, built in a Moorish Revival style. From 1927 to 1937 it was a live performing arts venue, and then a movie venue until first closure in 1967. By this time, more African Americans began to move into the area around the theater, transforming local culture and taking advantage of this historic gem for their musical and artistic ends. It reopened in 1970 as Miracle Temple Church and a meeting place for 15 years. It then closed for renovation, reopening in 1987 as a performing arts venue named the New Regal Theater, in homage to the Regal Theater in Bronzeville, which had been a celebrated cultural center for Chicago's African American community beginning in the 1920s until it caught fire in September 1971. In 2003, the New Regal Theatre closed due to insufficient attendance to cover running costs, but funds were obtained for renovation and it reopened in late 2008. Unfortunately, some of the funds were misapplied to the new owner's personal expenses, and it closed for the fourth time in 2011, due to foreclosure. Kanye West has pledged $1 million, and funding continues, to raise capital to reopen and run the venue, with possibilities including plans "to recreate pivotal moments in entertainment history using holographic stage technology".
The Capitol Theatre is a cinema and concert venue. It opened in 1928, designed to look like a Roman garden, was remodelled in 1957, but has had a major restoration to the original ambience but with up-to-date services, completed in 2011.
The Carpenter Theatre, originally Loew's Theatre and later the Carpenter Theatre Center for the Performing Arts, is the cornerstone of the Dominion Energy Center (previously Richmond CentreStage), which also includes three adjacent modern performance spaces, offices, and elsewhere the Altria Theater (none of which are atmospheric and all of which are by different architects). The Carpenter Theatre was built in 1927/28, giving a Spanish-Moorish ambience. It currently has about 1,800 seats and is said to be fully renovated and restored, but now with state-of-the-art lighting and world-class acoustics. It has "newly installed fiber optic stars twinkling overhead in the repainted midnight sky ceiling, one of the many preserved and enhanced elements of John Eberson's original theater design" [5]
The Indiana Theatre has a Spanish courtyard design and was one of the first Eberson theatres to exhibit atmospheric elements. While not fully atmospheric, the Indiana Theatre's original lighting system gave a blue hue to the auditorium ceiling and scattered light to simulate stars. The tile and terrazzo flooring, shapes of windows, prominence of Spanish coats of arms, Churrigueresque exterior, as well as numerous plaster designs that were seen first in the Indiana Theatre became a framework for later designs. Eberson stated, "Into this Indiana Theatre I have put my very best efforts and endeavors in the art of designing a modern theatre such as I have often pictured as what I would do were I given a free hand." [6]
Palace (Louisville, Kentucky) (commonly known as the Louisville Palace)
The Louisville Palace, with Spanish Baroque architecture, seats 2,700 and opened as Loew's Theatre in 1928, and was later called Loew's United Artist Theatre, and then United Artists Theatre. It closed from 1985 to 1994, and since reopening, refurbished and upgraded to a high standard, has been primarily a concert venue.
The Majestic Theatre, constructed in 1920 with Renaissance Revival ambience and, originally, with 2,800 seats, was the first Eberson theatre to use a simulated outdoor sky ceiling. It originally hosted a variety of live acts, adding movies from 1922, before changing to movies only from 1932 until closure in 1973. Passed to the City of Dallas, it was restored inside and out to its original glory, also adding a sprung floor on the stage for dancing, and advanced sound and lighting systems. It then re-opened in 1983, with 1,570 seats, as a Performing Arts Center, hosting musical productions, dramatic plays, national pageants, dance, and concerts.
The Majestic Theatre opened in 1929, with the ambience of a Spanish courtyard, having 4,000 seats in the first fully air-conditioned venue in Texas, for both live and movie performances. After a period of closure, it reopened in 1989, continuing with a mix of live performances, including concerts, and movies, often musicals, but now with only 2,264 larger seats.
The Olympia Theater, previously the Olympia Theater & Office Building and then the Gusman Cultural Center, then Gusman Center for the Performing Arts, then Olympia Theater at the Gusman Center for the Performing Arts, was built in 1925–6 in Moorish Revival style, with 2,170 seats, to replicate a Spanish garden. It originally showed silent movies, and by 1929 also talking pictures and vaudeville then, by the 1950s, many concerts. By the late 1960s, with declining use, the venue was to be demolished, but was bought by a philanthropist, Maurice Gusman who, during a closure from 1970 to 1972, restored the auditorium and reopened it as the home of the Florida Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1975, he gifted the venue to the City of Miami as a rock concert venue. Renovations continued until 1977. In the late 80s, usage declined again, and the Gusman Estate stepped in again to save the building. After renovations from 1989, the building reopened as a performing arts center in 1994, including concerts by international stars, renovations continuing till 1996. There were more renovations 2000-02 and 2009–12, and by then, there were only 1,567 (more comfortable) seats. In 2014, the original "Olympic Theater" name returned. Closures due to COVID-19 were devastating to the small non-profit running the theater, and in 2020 they had to return management and operation to the City of Miami.
The Orpheum Theatre opened in 1922 with 1,700 seats and the auditorium emulating a Spanish garden, and having an unusually tall proscenium arch. Built as a vaudeville theatre, it was adapted in 1929 to also show movies, and mixed them with live entertainment until closure in 1976. Notably, with the economic boom brought on by 1940s defense spending, the Orpheum was kept open 24 hours a day to accommodate the many shifts of workers building airplanes for WWII. In 1976, the building was stripped of saleable items and abandoned. With most less notable cinemas and theatres also closing and being demolished, enough people rallied behind the Orpheum to prevent that fate, and in 1978, the City declared it a Historic Landmark, followed in 1980 by addition to the National Register of Historic Places. There were legal issues regarding the adjoining premises, and the non-profit formed to own the Orpheum did not receive clear title till 1992, by which time there were significant structural repairs required before normal restoration activities could commence. Safety-critical works continued up to 2022, [7] but as of May 2023, the venue is operating and appears to have a fairly full calendar months in advance.
The Palace Theatre opened in 1926, a million dollar gift from Harry Ink, a local industrialist, with decoration evoking a Spanish courtyard in the evening or morning. It was intended for vaudeville, other performing arts and (initially silent) movies, and the mix of live performances and movies continues to this day. The theatre did close, due to declining footfall, in 1976, but local people rallied to save it from demolition and make it viable, and it reopened in 1980, with restoration being ongoing since then. [8]
The Palace Theatre was built in 1928 and renovated in 1976 and 2015. With a Spanish Revival courtyard design, the theatre features low voltage lighting in the ceiling to mimic stars and the original reconditioned cloud machine to simulate moving clouds. Alcoves in the theatre contain stuffed birds, including a macaw that Eberson sometimes included in his interior design work, and most of the original Pietro Caproni statues. [9]
Paramount Theatre Centre & Ballroom (Anderson, Indiana)
The Paramount Theatre Centre & Ballroom, originally known as the Paramount Theatre, opened in 1929 with 1700 seats, the interior evoking a Spanish village courtyard. Intended for vaudeville (recognised as likely to decrease as no longer fashionable), legitimate theatre and the new talking pictures (expected to increase in popularity) it was only able to show silent movies for the first year, due to long delivery of the sound equipment. Unfortunately, the theatre organ, intended to accompany silent movies, was also not installed till 1930! It continued with a mix of live theatre, concerts and movies until it closed in 1985. A group of local people formed in 1989 to save it from demolition, reopened as soon as possible, and entered a program of renovation which is still ongoing. In particular, it closed for most of 1995 for repairs which were incompatible with the frequent presence of audiences. It now has 1458 wider seats, and runs a mix of live theatre, concerts and movies. [10]
The Rose Blumkin Performing Arts Center opened in 1926 as the Riviera Theater, designed in Hispano-Italian style to evoke the Mediterranean Riviera. In 1929, it was sold and renamed Paramount Theater, but closed in 1957, changing hands several times, and enduring a year as a bowling alley, before it reopened as the Astro Theater, and eventually closing as a movie theater in June 1980. After a number of years of disuse, it was restored and reopened as the Rose Blumkin Performing Arts Center, a live theater venue.
The State Theatre opened in 1927, seating 1,300 people, with the interior reflecting a beautiful Spanish courtyard. The ceiling was painted dark blue with twinkling electric stars, and moving clouds which are projected across it to create an outdoor atmosphere. The auditorium, lobby, and mezzanine are decorated in a Mediterranean color scheme with pottery, furniture, wrought iron, statues, and paintings. Outside they utilized buff-colored tapestry, brick, and ornate terra-cotta accents. Initially it was home to vaudeville shows, dance recitals, and silent films. In 1964, the theatre was modernised. The original 45-foot vertical sign on the corner was deteriorating with age and was replaced with a horizontal marquee over the box-office. The interior was stripped of some of its original decor, for example many statues, but many of the items removed were stored rather than disposed of, and elements such as the "starry sky" ceiling in the auditorium remained. [11] It closed in 1982 due to inadequate profits, but in 1985 was bought by a local property company, which has invested heavily in it, with further renovations and restorations partially undoing the 1964 modernisations. Unusually, it now has more seats (1,590) than it was built with. It is currently the premier live performance venue in Kalamazoo.
The Tampa Theatre was built in 1926. Designed by John Eberson, the Tampa is a superior example of the atmospheric style featuring an auditorium that resembles a Mediterranean courtyard under a nighttime sky. Featured on the theater's opening night was the silent film The Ace of Cads starring Adolph Menjou. Closed in 1973, it was rescued and reopened in 1978. It now presents and hosts over 600 events a year including a full schedule of the first run and classic films, concerts, special events, corporate events, tours, and educational programs
The Uptown Theater Italian Renaissance atmospheric theater opened in 1928 and features an outdoor Mediterranean courtyard motif. It was built to seat 2,300, but the current configuration allows for 1,700. In 1939, the Uptown copyrighted a Fragratone system, which funneled fragrances into the auditorium via the ventilation ducts at appropriate moments during films. The Uptown hosted movies as well as live vaudeville and stage productions through the 1970s. By the late 1970s, the theater began to function primarily as a concert venue, and it remained that way until it closed its doors in 1989. During its later years, the interior had fallen into disrepair, and all of the original details were whitewashed. Then, a $15 million renovation of the theater was completed. The original splendor was restored in the details and colors of Eberson's original design. In addition, 33,000 sq ft (3,100 m2) of new lobby, bar, office and banquet space was added. Because of the redevelopment, the Uptown remains one of the few remaining atmospheric theatres still in operation.
Designed by other architects
Other architects also designed atmospheric theatres. These include the following:
The 7th Street Theatre was built in 1928, seats over 950 people, and features an outdoor Spanish garden motif.
The Arlington Theater was built in 1931 on the former site of the Arlington Hotel, which was destroyed following the 1925 earthquake. The current structure was erected in 1930 as a showcase movie house for Fox West Coast Theaters. It was restored and expanded in the mid-1970s by Metropolitan Theaters Corporation. It opened in its current incarnation in 1976.
The Aztec Theatre was completed in 1926 and originally seated 2,500, with an auditorium reminiscent of a courtyard in a Mesoamerican temple complex.
The Coronado Theatre was built in 1927 to a design by Frederic J. Klein, at a cost of $1.5 million. The auditorium is designed as a courtyard with Spanish and Italianate facades, painted clouds, and electric 'stars', with Japanese dragons and lanterns decorating the screens of the Barton organ. It was built to present both films and live entertainment, with a fully equipped stage and orchestra pit. Donated to the City of Rockford, it was restored 1998–2001, and primarily features live stage shows and music concerts.
The Egyptian Theatre was built in 1929 with an Egyptian Revival design. Designed by architect Elmer F. Behrns, who had an interest in Egyptology. The theatre was saved in 1978 by a non-profit organization who has owned and operated the Theatre ever since. There were once over 100 Egyptian Theatres built around the country, today there are only seven remaining in the United States and this is the only one east of the Rocky Mountains. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Egyptian Theatre in DeKalb, IL was named as one of the top 20 architectural treasures in the State of Illinois by the Illinois Office of Tourism in 2018.
The Fox Theatre was built in 1929, was designed by Ollivier J. Vinour of Marye Alger & Vinour, and is the city's only surviving movie palace. The original architecture and décor can be roughly divided into two architectural styles: Islamic architecture (building exterior, auditorium, Grand Salon, mezzanine Gentlemen's Lounge and lower Ladies Lounge) and Egyptian architecture (Egyptian Ballroom, mezzanine Ladies Lounge and lower Gentlemen's Lounge). The 4,665-seat auditorium replicates an Arabian courtyard complete with a night sky of 96 embedded crystal "stars" (a third of which flicker) and a projection of clouds that slowly drift across the "sky".
The Fox Theatre was built 1929–30. It was designed to evoke the garden of a South Asian temple. [12]
The Gateway Theatre was built in Chicago's Jefferson Park neighborhood, the Gateway Theatre is an atmospheric theater designed by architect Mason Rapp of the prestigious firm of Rapp & Rapp in 1930. It was the city's first movie theater built exclusively for the talkies.
The Merced Theatre was built in 1931, in a mix of Art Deco and Spanish Colonial Revival style. Its use of dramatic atmospheric features included castle facades and ventilators that sent "clouds" floating across the star-bespeckled ceiling.
The Music Box opened on August 22, 1929. It is still an operational single screen cinema with atmospheric effects. [13]
The Orpheum opened in 1929, and was used for vaudeville, movies, and as a touring Broadway theater. After falling into disrepair for some years, the Orpheum Theatre was purchased in 1984 by the city of Phoenix, which then began a 12-year, $14 million restoration. The Conrad Schmitt Studios created the transformation and the Orpheum reopened on January 28, 1997, with a performance of Hello, Dolly! starring Carol Channing. After the performance, Channing, still in costume but out of character, thanked the audience for "not turning this beautiful theatre into a parking lot!"
The Paradise Center for the Arts was Built in 1929 on the site of the former Faribault Opera House, the Paradise was recently renovated. The motif is one of a Moorish courtyard with Turkish caps over the doors, turrets and 'stonework' walls. Originally built to seat 915, the Paradise has been altered to seat 300.
Paramount Theatre was built in 1929 by Wagner Construction; designed by the firm of Ellerbe & Company, and opened under the Publix banner on September 14, 1929, with a parade. Interior atmospheric design elements depict a quaint Spanish villa under the stars with Spanish Baroque exterior architecture. Now owned and operated by the Austin Area Commission for the Arts, an independent non profit, the theatre presents a full calendar of movies and performing arts.
The Polk Theatre was built in 1928 and designed by architect, James E. Casale and was built to simulate a Mediterranean village.
The Redford Theatre was built in 1927 as a silent film theatre and showed its first film in January 1928. At present, it has 1610 seats and has a Japanese tea garden design. The stars in the sky have been upgraded to use fiber optics. The Redford theatre was purchased by the current owner, The Motor City Theatre Organ Society in the mid-1970s and now shows classic films, and hosts occasional stage events including rentals. The theatre has a fully equipped stage with dressing rooms, and when it first opened was also intended to have vaudeville performances. The theatre's mission is to preserve the history of the film arts. Silent films are still occasionally shown and when they are, they are accompanied by the theatre's 1928 Barton Theatre Organ which also has been restored and it is played prior to every film that is shown.
The Saenger Theatre was built in 1927 for the Saenger Theatres chain by architect Emile Weil, Its interior evokes a baroque Florentine courtyard. Originally seating approximately 4,000, in 1980 its seating was reduced to approximately 2,736 and it began to function as a performing arts center with occasional film screenings.
