Bacillus safensis

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Bacillus safensis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Bacillaceae
Genus: Bacillus
Species:
B. safensis
Binomial name
Bacillus safensis
Satomi et al. 2006 [1]

Bacillus safensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, and rod bacterium, originally isolated from a spacecraft in Florida and California. [2] B. safensis could have possibly been transported to the planet Mars on spacecraft Opportunity and Spirit in 2004. [2] There are several known strains of this bacterium, all of which belong to the Bacillota phylum of Bacteria. [2] This bacterium also belongs to the large, pervasive genus Bacillus . B. safensis is an aerobic chemoheterotroph and is highly resistant to salt [3] and UV radiation. B. safensis affects plant growth, since it is a powerful plant hormone producer, and it also acts as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, enhancing plant growth after root colonization. [3] Strain B. safensis JPL-MERTA-8-2 is (so far) the only bacterial strain shown to grow noticeably faster in micro-gravity environments than on the Earth surface. [4]

Contents

Discovery and importance

Thirteen strains of the novel bacterium Bacillus safensis were first isolated from spacecraft surfaces and assembly-facility surfaces at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida as well as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. The bacterium gets its name from the JPL Spacecraft Assembly Facility (SAF). [2] Researchers used customary swabbing techniques to detect and collect the bacteria from cleanrooms where the spacecraft were put together in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. [2] The bacterium was accidentally brought to Mars during space missions due to contamination of clean rooms. Contamination of clean rooms during space travel is an area of concern for planetary protection as it can threaten microbial experimentation and give false positives of other microbial life forms on other planets. [5]

V.V. Kothari and his colleagues from Saurashtra University in Gujarat, India, first isolated another strain, B. safensis VK. Strain VK was collected from Cuminum cyminum, a cumin plant in the desert area of Gujarat, India. Specifically, the bacteria were collected from the rhizosphere of the cumin plant. [3]

Ram S. Singh and colleagues discovered one of the strains, AS-08, in soil samples of root tubers of asparagus plants in a botanical garden at Punjabi University in India. B. safensis AS-08 was found to have inulase activity, which is used for the production of fructooligosaccharides and high-fructose corn syrup. Fructooligosaccharides are used as artificial sweeteners and can be found in many commercial food products. Corn syrup is also found in many processed foods. [6]

Davender Kumar and colleagues from Kurukshetra University in India isolated strain DVL-43 from soil samples. This strain was found to possess lipase, which is an important enzyme for fat digestion. Lipases are a class of chemicals that are abundant in nature amongst plants, animals and microorganisms that are widely used in industry for production of food, paper products, detergents and biodiesel fuel. [7]

P. Ravikumar of the Government Arts College at Bharathiar University in India isolated strain PR-2 from explosive-laden soil samples. This strain was identified by its 16S rDNA sequence by Sanger dideoxy sequencing method and deposited in the GenBank in Maryland, U.S. It carries the accession number KP261381 with 885 base pairs of linear DNA and the base count 175 a 295 c 199 g 216 t. [8]

Physical characteristics and metabolism

Bacillus safensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming rod bacterium. B. safensis is also an aerobic chemoheterotroph. Cell size ranges from 0.5 to 0.7 μm in diameter and 1.0–1.2 μm in length. [2] This species is motile, and use polar flagella for locomotion. Cells are considered mesophilic, as they can grow in temperatures of 10–50 °C (50–122 °F). [2] B. safensis FO-036b has an optimal temperature range of 30–37 °C (86–99 °F), and cannot grow at 4 or 55 °C (39 or 131 °F). [2] B. safensis FO-036b prefers 0–10% salt, and a pH of 5.6. This strain was also found to produce spores that are resistant to hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation. [9]

Strain VK of B. safensis is a salt-tolerant microorganism, and can grow beyond the 0–10% salt range of the general microbial species. [3] This strain can grow in 14% NaCl, with a pH ranging from 4 to 8. [3] Strain VK also contains genes that encode for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase enzyme. [3] This enzyme is able to generate 2-oxobutanoate and ammonia (NH3) by cleaving the precursor of plant hormone, ethylene 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate. [3] This enables the plant to tolerate salt, heavy metals, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. [3] Because of these features, B. safensis VK is a powerful plant hormone producer.

Genomics

The genome of Bacillus safensis strain FO-036b shows a GC-content of 41.0-41.4 mol%. [2]

The B. safensis VK genomic DNA was obtained from a 24-hr-old nutrient broth culture. Isolation of this strain was performed using a GenElute commercial DNA isolation kit, and whole-genome shotgun sequencing was carried out. Thirty-nine contigs, overlapping DNA fragments, greater in size than 200 base pairs were observed in strain VK. [3] This strain displays a GC-content of 46.1% in a circular chromosome of 3.68 Mbp. 3,928 protein-coding sequences were identified, and 1,822 protein-coding sequences were appointed to one of the 457 RAST subsystems. [3] RAST, Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology, is a server that generates bacterial and archaeal genome annotations. [10] The genome also displays 73 tRNA genes. [3] The B. safensis VK genome sequence can be found in GenBank under the accession number AUPF00000000. [3] Another strain, DVL-43, can also be found in GenBank under the accession number KC156603, [7] and strain PR-2 can be found under accession number KP261381. [8] A detailed Whole Genome Phylogenetic Analysis of the genomes of B. safensis, B. pumilus and other Bacillota species, showed them to be separated into three distinct clusters. One of the large sub clusters includes not only strains classified/identified (in literature) as belonging to B. safensis but also some B. pumilus strains, thus suggesting how phylogenetic profiling may enable re-examining the strain designations. [11]

Strains

Listed below are currently identified Bacillus safensis strains, including where they were discovered, and the year discovered (if available). [12]

Several isolates of the genus Bacillus are nearly identical to Bacillus pumilus . The group of isolates related to B. pumilus contains five related species: B. pumilus, B. safensis, B. stratosphericus, B. altitudinis, and B. aerophilus. These species are difficult to distinguish due to their 99.5% similarity in their 16S rRNA gene sequence. Recently, scientists have discovered an alternate way to differentiate between these closely related species, especially B. pumilus and B. safensis. [17] [11]

DNA gyrase is an important enzyme that introduces a negative supercoil to the DNA and is responsible for the biological processes in DNA replication and transcription. [17] DNA gyrase is made of two subunits, A and B. These subunits are denoted as gyrA and gyrB. The gyrB gene, subunit B protein, is a type II topoisomerase that is essential for DNA replication. [17] This gene is conserved among bacterial species. The rate of evolution at the molecular level deduced from gyrB-related gene sequences can be determined at a more accelerated rate compared to the 16S rRNA gene sequences. [17] These subunits have provided a way to phylogenetically distinguish between the diversity of species related to B. pumilus, which includes B. safensis. Strain B. safensis DSM19292 shares 90.2% gyrA sequence similarity with B. pumilus strain DSM 27. [17]

In 1952, a strain of B. pumilus was discovered in the DSMZ culture and labeled as strain DSM 354. [17] The strain was identified before B. safensis was discovered. In 2012, a gyrA sequence similarity was tested between the B. pumilus strain DSM 354 and B. pumilus strain DSM 27, as well as against B. safensis strain DSM 19292 (type strain FO-36b). [17] Strain DSM 354 showed a 90.4% and 98% sequence similarity with B. pumilus strain DSM 27 and B. safensis strain DSM 19292, respectively. [17] These results indicated that DSM 354 may in fact be a B. safensis strain, instead of a B. pumilus strain. These results supported that gyrA sequences could be used to differentiate between closely related bacteria. [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Bacillus</i> Genus of bacteria

Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Bacillota, with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural Bacilli is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. Bacillus species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative anaerobes which can survive in the absence of oxygen. Cultured Bacillus species test positive for the enzyme catalase if oxygen has been used or is present.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Horizontal gene transfer</span> Type of nonhereditary genetic change

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms. HGT is influencing scientific understanding of higher order evolution while more significantly shifting perspectives on bacterial evolution.

<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Catalase-positive bacterium

Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, humans and marine sponges. As a member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and can form a tough, protective endospore, allowing it to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. B. subtilis has historically been classified as an obligate aerobe, though evidence exists that it is a facultative anaerobe. B. subtilis is considered the best studied Gram-positive bacterium and a model organism to study bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation. It is one of the bacterial champions in secreted enzyme production and used on an industrial scale by biotechnology companies.

<i>Stenotrophomonas</i> Genus of bacteria

Stenotrophomonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, comprising at least ten species. The main reservoirs of Stenotrophomonas are soil and plants. Stenotrophomonas species range from common soil organisms to opportunistic human pathogens ; the molecular taxonomy of the genus is still somewhat unclear.

Pseudomonas citronellolis is a Gram-negative, bacillus bacterium that is used to study the mechanisms of pyruvate carboxylase. It was first isolated from forest soil, under pine trees, in northern Virginia, United States.

Pseudomonas balearica is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, nonfluorescent, motile, and denitrifying bacterium. It is an environmental bacterium that has been mostly isolated from polluted environments all over the world. Many of the isolates have demonstrated capabilities to degrade several compounds. Some of the strains are naphthalene degraders and one strain isolated in New Zealand has demonstrated the potential to oxidize inorganic sulfur compounds to tetrathionate. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. balearica has been placed in the P. stutzeri group.

<i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas stutzeri is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is motile, has a single polar flagellum, and is classified as bacillus, or rod-shaped. While this bacterium was first isolated from human spinal fluid, it has since been found in many different environments due to its various characteristics and metabolic capabilities. P. stutzeri is an opportunistic pathogen in clinical settings, although infections are rare. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, this bacterium has been placed in the P. stutzeri group, to which it lends its name.

<i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> Species of bacterium

Enterobacter cloacae is a clinically significant Gram-negative, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.

<i>Streptobacillus moniliformis</i> Species of bacterium

Streptobacillus moniliformis is a non-motile, Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is a member of the family Leptotrichiaceae. The genome of S. moniliformis is one of two completed sequences of the order Fusobacteriales. Its name comes from the Greek word streptos for "curved" or "twisted", and the Latin word bacillus meaning "small rod" and moniliformis for "necklace". S. moniliformis is microaerophilic, requiring less oxygen than is present in the atmosphere for its growth.

Bacillus pumilus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming bacillus commonly found in soil.

Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius is a thermophilic gram-positive bacterium, and a member of the Bacillota phylum. It was first isolated from soil in Japan in 1983.

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Alcanivorax pacificus is a pyrene-degrading marine gammaproteobacterium. It is of the genus Alcanivorax, a group of marine bacteria known for degrading hydrocarbons. When originally proposed, the genus Alcanivorax comprised six distinguishable species. However, A. pacificus, a seventh strain, was isolated from deep sea sediments in the West Pacific Ocean by Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd. in 2011. A. pacificus’s ability to degrade hydrocarbons can be employed for cleaning up oil-contaminated oceans through bioremediation. The genomic differences present in this strain of Alcanivorax that distinguish it from the original consortium are important to understand to better utilize this bacteria for bioremediation.

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<i>Rhizorhabdus wittichii</i> Bacterial species

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References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Satomi, Masataka; et al. (2006). "Bacillus safensis sp. nov., isolated from spacecraft and assembly-facility surfaces" (PDF). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 56 (8): 1735–1740. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64189-0 . ISSN   1466-5026. PMID   16902000.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Kothari, V. V.; et al. (September 2013). "Genome Sequence of Salt-Tolerant Bacillus safensis Strain VK, Isolated from Saline Desert Area of Gujarat, India". Genome Announcements. 1 (5). e00671-13. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00671-13. PMC   3764411 . PMID   24009116.
  4. ↑ Coil, David A.; et al. (March 2016). "Growth of 48 built environment bacterial isolates on board the International Space Station (ISS)". PeerJ . 4. e1842. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1842 . PMC   4806633 . PMID   27019789.
  5. ↑ Probst, Alexander; et al. (March 2011). "Recovery of Bacillus Spore Contaminants from Rough Surfaces: a Challenge to Space Mission Cleanliness Control". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (5): 1628–1637. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.1628P. doi:10.1128/AEM.02037-10. PMC   3067265 . PMID   21216908.
  6. 1 2 Singh, Ram S.; et al. (December 2013). "Molecular and biochemical characterization of a new endoinulinase producing bacterial strain of Bacillus safensis AS-08". Biologia. 68 (6): 1028–1033. Bibcode:2013Biolg..68.1028S. doi: 10.2478/s11756-013-0259-2 . S2CID   16431917.
  7. 1 2 3 Kumar, Davender; et al. (February 2014). "Application of a statistically enhanced, novel, organic solvent stable lipase from Bacillus safensis DVL-43". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 66: 97–107. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.015. PMID   24534493.
  8. 1 2 Kumar, Ravi (25 February 2015). "Bacillus safensis strain PR-2 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence". GenBank . National Center for Biotechnology Information. KP261831.1. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  9. ↑ Tirumalai, Madhan R.; et al. (June 2013). "Candidate Genes That May Be Responsible for the Unusual Resistances Exhibited by Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 Spores". PLOS One . 8 (6). e66012. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866012T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066012 . PMC   3682946 . PMID   23799069.
  10. ↑ Aziz, Ramy K.; et al. (February 2008). "The RAST Server: Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology". BMC Genomics. 9. 75. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-75 . PMC   2265698 . PMID   18261238.
  11. 1 2 Tirumalai MR, Stepanov VG, Wünsche A, Montazari S, Gonzalez RO, Venkateswaran K, Fox GE (June 2018). "B. safensis FO-36bT and B. pumilus SAFR-032: A Whole Genome Comparison of two Spacecraft Assembly Facility Isolates". BMC Microbiol. 18 (57): 57. doi: 10.1186/s12866-018-1191-y . PMC   5994023 . PMID   29884123.
  12. ↑ Liu, Yang; et al. (November 2013). "Phylogenetic Diversity of the Bacillus pumilus Group and the Marine Ecotype Revealed by Multilocus Sequence Analysis". PLOS One . 8 (11). e80097. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880097L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080097 . PMC   3823796 . PMID   24244618.
  13. ↑ Coil, David A.; et al. (November–December 2015). "Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus safensis JPL-MERTA-8-2, Isolated from a Mars-Bound Spacecraft". Microbiology Resource Announcements. 3 (6). e01360-15. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01360-15. PMC   4653797 . PMID   26586895.
  14. ↑ Mohammad, Salma Malihah; Mahmud-Ab-Rashid, Nor-Khaizura; Zawawi, Norhasnida (2020-08-25). "Probiotic properties of bacteria isolated from bee bread of stingless bee Heterotrigona itama" (PDF). Journal of Apicultural Research. 60: 172–187. doi:10.1080/00218839.2020.1801152. ISSN   0021-8839. S2CID   225208290.
  15. ↑ Elbahnasawy, M. A. (15 June 2019). "Bacillus safensis strain MAE 17 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence". GenBank . National Center for Biotechnology Information. MN049484.1. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  16. ↑ Abril, Ana G.; et al. (January 2019). "Bacillus safensis subsp. osmophilus subsp. nov., isolated from condensed milk, and description of Bacillus safensis subsp. safensis subsp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 69 (1): 189–195. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003126 . PMID   30461378.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wang, Li-Ting; et al. (August 2007). "Comparison of gyrB gene sequences, 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization in the Bacillus subtilis group". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (8): 1846–1850. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64685-0 . PMID   17684269.
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