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The Young Citizen Volunteers of Ireland,or Young Citizen Volunteers (YCV) for short,was a British civic organisation founded in Belfast in 1912 which later became the youth wing of Ulster loyalist paramilitary group the Ulster Volunteer Force. It was established to bridge the gap for 18 to 25 year olds between membership of youth organisations—such as the Boys' Brigade and Boy Scouts—and the period of responsible adulthood. Another impetus for its creation was the failure of the British government to extend the legislation for the Territorial Force—introduced in 1908—to Ireland. It was hoped that the War Office would absorb the YCV into the Territorial Force,however such offers were dismissed. Not until the outbreak of World War I did the YCV—by then a battalion of the UVF—become part of the British Army as the 14th Battalion of the Royal Irish Rifles.
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Christopher Hudson is an Irish former trade union activist who subsequently became a Unitarian minister in Northern Ireland. During the final years of the Troubles Hudson became prominent as a negotiator between the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Irish government and played a key role helping to deliver the Northern Ireland peace process.
References
- ↑ Taylor, Peter (2000). Loyalists. London: Bloomsbury. p. 72.
- ↑ Taylor, Loyalists, pp. 81–82
- ↑ Garland, Roy (2001). Gusty Spence. Oxford: Blackstaff Press. p. 52.
- 1 2 Taylor, Loyalists, p. 140
- ↑ Garland, Gusty Spence, p. 143
- ↑ Garland, Gusty Spence, p. 153
- ↑ Garland, Gusty Spence, pp. 174–175
- ↑ Garland, Gusty Spence, p. 217
- ↑ "Billy Hutchinson – Open University Digital Archive". Open University. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ↑ Garland, Gusty Spence, p. 230
- ↑ Garland, Gusty Spence, pp. 234–235
- ↑ "Loyalist paramilitary groups start weapons decommissioning". Belfast Telegraph. 27 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ↑ McDonald & Cusack, UDA, p. 307
- ↑ Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald, UVF, Poolbeg, 1997, pp. 294–295
- ↑ Henry Sinnerton, David Ervine: Uncharted Waters, p. 100
- ↑ Cusack & McDonald, UVF, p. 320
- ↑ Henry McDonald & Jim Cusack, UDA – Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror, Penguin Ireland, 2004, p. 275
- ↑ Cusack & McDonald, UVF, p. 345
- ↑ Cusack & McDonald, UVF, pp. 323–324
- ↑ "Hutchinson elected PUP leader". UTV. 15 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013.
- ↑ McKeown, Lesley-Anne (15 December 2012). "Billy Hutchinson: Union flag 'may soon fly again' at Belfast City Hall". Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ↑ Purdy, Martina (29 August 2013). "PUP discuss strategies for council and European elections". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ↑ "1996 Forum Elections: Candidates in North Belfast". Ark. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ↑ Nicholas (3 June 1998). "North Belfast". Ark. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ↑ Sinnerton, David Ervine, p. 196
- ↑ Dr Nicholas Whyte. "Belfast City Council Elections 1993–2011". Ark.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ↑ McDonald & Cusack, UDA, p. 296
- ↑ Lister & Jordan, Mad Dog, p. 278
- ↑ David Lister & Hugh Jordan, Mad Dog: The Rise and Fall of Johnny Adair and 'C' Company, Mainstream, 2004, pp. 291–293
- ↑ Lister & Jordan, Mad Dog, p. 295
- ↑ 'Hutchinson released from custody' Archived 22 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine from The News Letter
- ↑ "100 people stage protest at Asda store in north Belfast". BBC News. 17 July 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ↑ "Asda reinstates Sash remark employee but denies bowing to protest". Belfast Telegraph. 21 July 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ↑ McBride, Sam (19 March 2014). "My murder of two Catholics helped prevent united Ireland – PUP leader Billy Hutchinson". News Letter. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ↑ Cusack & McDonald, UVF, p. 350
- ↑ Susan McKay, Northern Protestants: An Unsettled People, Blackstaff Press, 2005, p. 91
- ↑ Sinnerton, David Ervine, p. 116
- ↑ McClements, Freya. "Billy Hutchinson: 'I justify everything I did in the Troubles. To stay sane, I have to'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ↑ "Our flag stays red, white and blue?". Socialist Review Contents. December 1999. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ↑ Sinnerton, David Ervine, p. 211
- ↑ "My Life in Loyalism". Irish Academic Press. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.