Boa sigma

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Boa sigma
Boa sigma 24840591.jpg
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Boidae
Genus: Boa
Species:
B. sigma
Binomial name
Boa sigma
(Smith, 1943)
Boa sigma range.svg
Distribution range for Boa sigma
Synonyms [2]
  • Constrictor constrictor sigmaSmith, 1943

Boa sigma, known commonly as the Mexican west coast boa constrictor, is a species of snake in the family Boidae. The species is endemic to western Mexico. Boa sigma has previously been regarded as conspecific with Boa constrictor , and later with Boa imperator ; however, in 2016, it was suggested on genetic grounds that Boa sigma should be regarded as a separate species.

Contents

Taxonomy

Boa sigma was originally described as Constrictor constrictor sigma by Hobart Muir Smith in 1943. [3] [4] The subspecies only included snakes from the Islas Marías, and it did not receive wide recognition; instead, it was synonymized with the mainland subspecies Boa constrictor imperator by many authors. [4] [5] [6]

In the 21st century, genetic studies revealed that Boa constrictor is a species complex. First, Boa constrictor imperator was elevated to species level, but it was soon recognized that there was another species nested within the new species Boa imperator. According to Card et al. (2016), the name Boa sigma is available for this third species. [4] However, further research is needed because the genetic study of Card et al. didn't include samples from the Islas Marías, from where the holotype and the paratypes were collected. [4] [7] [8] Despite this uncertainty, Boa sigma has been widely accepted as a valid species. [2] [9]

Phylogeny

Suárez-Atilano et al. (2014) identified two lineages of Boa imperator with a divergence date of about 5.2 Ma. [10] However, Card et al. (2016) found the divergence date of these lineages, which they recognized as Boa imperator and Boa sigma, to be around 14 Ma. [4] Both divergence dates could be explained with the rise of biogeographical barriers. [11]

Distribution and habitat

Boa sigma is distributed along the Pacific Coast of Mexico west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. [12] The northernmost records are from Sonora, [13] where the species can reach altitudes of 1,420 metres (4,659 ft). [14] Within the distribution range of Boa sigma, the three islands of the Islas Marías are included: María Madre, María Magdalena and María Cleofas. [12]

Based on species distribution modelling, Boa sigma lives mainly within the tropical dry forest ecoregion, whereas Boa imperator seems to prefer areas with more precipitation. [11] In Oaxaca, there is a contact zone between these two species, but it is unclear whether or not hybridization occurs there. [2] [11]

Folklore

In eastern and southern Sonora, it is widely believed that Boa sigma, locally known as corúa, corúga, corúva, culebrón or limacoa, is the guardian of water (guardiana del agua). Unlike other snakes, Boa sigma is protected by rural Sonorans, because it is thought that killing the boa would cause the spring (aguaje) to dry up. [15] [16] [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amphisbaenia</span> Suborder of reptiles

Amphisbaenia is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a superficial resemblance to earthworms. While the genus Bipes retains forelimbs, all other genera are limbless. Although superficially similar to other limbless vertebrates including the snakes, legless lizards, and blind lizards, recent phylogenetic studies suggest that they are most closely related to wall lizards of the family Lacertidae. Amphisbaenians are widely distributed, occurring in North America, Europe, Africa, South America, Western Asia and the Caribbean. Most species are less than 6 inches (15 cm) long.

<i>Boa</i> (genus) Genus of snakes

Boa is a genus of boas found in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Five extant species, and one extinct, are currently recognized.

Constriction is a method used by several snake species to kill or subdue their prey. Although some species of venomous and mildly venomous snakes do use constriction to subdue their prey, most snakes which use constriction lack venom. The snake strikes at its prey and holds on, pulling the prey into its coils or, in the case of very large prey, pulling itself onto the prey. The snake then wraps one or two loops around the prey, forming a constriction coil. The snake monitors the prey's heartbeat to ascertain it is dead. This can be a physically demanding and potentially dangerous procedure for the snake, because its metabolism is accelerated up to sevenfold and it becomes vulnerable to attack by another predator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desert rosy boa</span> Species of reptile

The desert rosy boa is a species of snake in the family Boidae. The desert rosy boa is native to the American Southwest and Baja California and Sonora in Mexico. The desert rosy boa is one of four species in the boa family native to the continental United States, the other three being the coastal rosy boa and the two species of rubber boas (Charina).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aridoamerica</span> Ecological region of North America

Aridoamerica denotes an ecological region spanning Northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States, defined by the presence of the culturally significant staple foodstuff Phaseolus acutifolius, a drought-resistant bean. Its dry, arid climate and geography stand in contrast to the verdant Mesoamerica of present-day central Mexico into Central America to the south and east, and the higher, milder "island" of Oasisamerica to the north. Aridoamerica overlaps with both.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gran Desierto de Altar</span> Region of the Sonoran Desert

The Gran Desierto de Altar is one of the major sub-ecoregions of the Sonoran Desert, located in the State of Sonora, in northwest Mexico. It includes the only active erg dune region in North America. The desert extends across much of the northern border of the Gulf of California, spanning more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) east to west and over 50 kilometres (31 mi) north to south. It constitutes the largest continuous wilderness area within the Sonoran Desert.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuban boa</span> Species of snake

The Cuban boa, also known as the Cuban tree boa and by locals as maja de Santa María, is a very large species of snake in the family Boidae. With lengths exceeding 5 m (16 ft) and a relatively heavy build, the Cuban boa is one of the largest snakes in the world. The species is native to Cuba and some nearby islands. No subspecies are currently recognized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alethinophidia</span> Clade of snakes

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<i>Boa imperator</i> Species of snake

Boa imperator is a large, heavy-bodied, nonvenomous species of snake in the genus Boa that is commonly kept in captivity. Boa imperator is part of the family Boidae and is found in Mexico, Central America and South America west of the Andes Mountains. It is commonly called the Central American boa, northern boa, Colombian boa, common boa and common northern boa.

<i>Boa orophias</i>

Boa orophias, the Saint Lucia boa or San Lucia boa, is a species of snake in the family Boidae. The species is endemic to Saint Lucia. Boa orophias was described as a full species by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, but many later authors have classified it as a subspecies of Boa constrictor. According to the IUCN Red List, Boa orophias is a species, which they have listed as Endangered.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boa constrictor</span> Species of snake

The boa constrictor, also known as the common boa, is a species of large, non-venomous, heavy-bodied snake that is frequently kept and bred in captivity. The boa constrictor is a member of the family Boidae. The species is native to tropical South America. A staple of private collections and public displays, its color pattern is highly variable yet distinctive. Four subspecies are recognized. This article focuses on the species Boa constrictor as a whole, and on the nominate subspecies B. c. constrictor.

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References

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