Related Research Articles
The Three Kingdoms from 220 to 280 AD was the tripartite division of China among the dynastic states of Cao Wei,Shu Han,and Eastern Wu. The Three Kingdoms period was preceded by the Eastern Han dynasty and was followed by the Western Jin dynasty. The short-lived state of Yan on the Liaodong Peninsula,which lasted from 237 to 238,is sometimes considered as a "4th kingdom".
Song,known as Liu Song,Former Song (前宋) or Song of (the) Southern dynasties (南朝宋) in historiography,was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. It succeeded the Eastern Jin dynasty and preceded the Southern Qi dynasty.
The Northern and Southern dynasties was a period of political division in the history of China that lasted from 420 to 589,following the tumultuous era of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin dynasty. It is sometimes considered as the latter part of a longer period known as the Six Dynasties (220–589). Albeit an age of civil war and political chaos,it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture,advancement in technology,and the spread of Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism. The period saw large-scale migration of the Han people to the lands south of the Yangtze. The period came to an end with the unification of all of China proper by Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty.
The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people that once resided in the eastern Eurasian steppes in what is today Mongolia,Inner Mongolia,and Northeastern China. The Xianbei were strongly suggested to be a multi-ethnic confederation with Mongolic,Tungusic and Turkic peoples. They originated from the Donghu people who splintered into the Wuhuan and Xianbei when they were defeated by the Xiongnu at the end of the third century BC. The Xianbei were largely subordinate to larger nomadic powers and the Han dynasty until they gained prominence in 87 AD by killing the Xiongnu chanyu Youliu. However unlike the Xiongnu,the Xianbei political structure lacked the organization to pose a concerted challenge to the Chinese for most of their time as a nomadic people.
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei ( 魏孝文帝),personal name néTuoba Hong (拓拔宏),later Yuan Hong (元宏),was an emperor of the Northern Wei from September 20,471 to April 26,499.
Han (漢;221–263),known in historiography as Shu Han (蜀漢) or Ji Han (季漢"Junior Han"),or often shortened to Shu (Chinese:蜀;pinyin:Shǔ;Sichuanese Pinyin:Su2 <Middle Chinese:*źjowk <Eastern Han Chinese:*dźok),was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period. The state was based in the area around present-day Hanzhong,Sichuan,Chongqing,Yunnan,Guizhou,and north Guangxi,an area historically referred to as "Shu" based on the name of the past ancient kingdom of Shu,which also occupied this approximate geographical area. Its core territory also coincided with Liu Bang's Kingdom of Han,the precursor of the Han dynasty.
Qi,known in historiography as the Southern Qi or Xiao Qi,was a Chinese imperial dynasty and the second of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties era. It followed the Liu Song dynasty and was succeeded by the Liang dynasty. The main polity to its north were the Northern Wei.
The Records of the Three Kingdoms,is a Chinese imperial history that covers the end of the Han dynasty and the following Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE). It is widely regarded as the official and authoritative source text for these periods. Written by Chen Shou after the Jin dynasty reunited China in the third century,the work compiles the political,social,and military events within rival states Cao Wei,Shu Han and Eastern Wu into a single text organized by individual biography.
Qi,known as the Northern Qi,Later Qi (後齊) or Gao Qi (高齊) in historiography,was a Chinese imperial dynasty and one of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties era. It ruled the eastern part of northern China from 550 to 577. The dynasty was founded by Gao Yang,and was eventually conquered by the Xianbei-led Northern Zhou dynasty in 577.
The Book of Jin is an official Chinese historical text covering the history of the Jin dynasty from 266 to 420. It was compiled in 648 by a number of officials commissioned by the imperial court of the Tang dynasty,with chancellor Fang Xuanling as the lead editor,drawing mostly from official documents left from earlier archives. A few essays in volumes 1,3,54 and 80 were composed by the Tang dynasty's Emperor Taizong himself. However,the contents of the Book of Jin included not only the history of the Jin dynasty,but also that of the Sixteen Kingdoms period,which was contemporaneous with the Eastern Jin dynasty.
Zhang Hua,courtesy name Maoxian,was a Chinese poet and politician of the Western Jin dynasty and the preceding state of Cao Wei. An accomplished poet,Zhang also authored the Bowuzhi,a compendium of entries about natural wonders and supernatural phenomena. His political career reached its zenith from 291 to 300,when he served as a leading minister during the de facto regency of Empress Jia Nanfeng. Zhang was considered an effective minister and,in conjunction with his colleague Pei Wei,helped ensure a period of relative stability within the Jin court. As the court fell into factional disputes from 299 to 300,Zhang rebuffed the rebellious overtures of the imperial relative Sima Lun and was executed when the latter seized power from the empress.
The Book of Song is a historical text of the Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties of China. It covers history from 420 to 479,and is one of the Twenty-Four Histories,a traditional collection of historical records. It was written in 492–493 by Shen Yue from the Southern Qi dynasty (479–502).
The History of the Northern Dynasties is one of the official Chinese historical works in the Twenty-Four Histories canon. The text contains 100 volumes and covers the period from 386 to 618,the histories of Northern Wei,Western Wei,Eastern Wei,Northern Zhou,Northern Qi,and Sui dynasty. Like the History of the Southern Dynasties,the book was started by Li Dashi and compiled from texts of the Book of Wei and Book of Zhou. Following his death,Li Yanshou (李延寿),son of Li Dashi,completed the work on the book between 643 and 659. Unlike most of the rest of the Twenty-Four Histories,this work was not commissioned by the state.
The History of the Southern Dynasties is one of the official Chinese historical works in the Twenty-Four Histories canon. It contain 80 volumes and covers the period from 420 to 589,the histories of the Liu Song,Southern Qi,Liang,and Chen dynasties in southern China during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Like the History of the Northern Dynasties,the book was started by Li Dashi. Following his death,Li Yanshou (李延壽),his son,completed the work on the book between 643 and 659. As a historian,Li Yanshou also took part of some of the compilation during the early Tang dynasty. Unlike the many other contemporary historical texts,the book was not commissioned by the state.
The Book of Qi or Book of Southern Qi is a history of the Chinese dynasty Southern Qi covering the period from 479 to 502,and is one of the Twenty-Four Histories of Chinese history. It was written by Xiao Zixian during the succeeding Liang Dynasty. This book was the only one of the Twenty-Four Histories to be authored by a member of the chronicled dynasty's ruling house –Xiao Zixian was a grandson of Emperor Gao,founder of Southern Qi,
The Book of Zhou records the official history of the Xianbei-led Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties of China,and ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. Compiled by the Tang dynasty historian Linghu Defen,the work was completed in 636 CE and consists of 50 chapters,some of which have been lost and replaced from other sources.
The Book of Chen or Chen Shu was the official history of the Chen dynasty,one of the Southern Dynasties of China. The Book of Chen is part of the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was compiled by the Tang dynasty historian Yao Silian and completed in 636 AD. The Chen Shu is a biographical history book with thirty-six volumes,recording the historical facts of 33 years from the accession of Chen Baxian to the last emperor Chen Shubao.
The Tuoba (Chinese) or Tabgatch,also known by other names,was an influential Xianbei clan in early imperial China. During the Sixteen Kingdoms after the fall of Han and the Three Kingdoms,the Tuoba established and ruled the state of Dai in northern China. The dynasty ruled from 310 to 376 and then restored it in 386. The same year,they renamed the state Wei,later distinguished in Chinese historiography as the Northern Wei. This powerful state gained control of most of northern China,supporting Buddhism while increasingly sinicizing. As part of this process,in 496,the Xiaowen Emperor changed the dynasty's personal name from Tuoba to Yuan. The kingdom split into Eastern and Western Wei in 535,with the Western Wei's rulers briefly resuming use of the Tuoba name in 554.
Jibei Kingdom was a kingdom of Han dynasty,in present-day northern Shandong and southern Hebei.
References
Citations
- ↑ The Road to Miran: Travels in the Forbidden Zone of Xinjiang, p. 204. (1994) Christa Paula. HarperCollins, Great Britain. Flamingo edition 1995. ISBN 0-00-638368-8.
- ↑ Jamieson, John Charles (1964). The Biography of Wei Shou. University of California, Berkeley.
- ↑ An example is Wang Songnian (王松年). Wang grew outraged at Wei Shou because the Book of Wei fully recorded the fact that his ancestor's claim to have come from the prominent Taiyuan Wang Clan was not believed by many at the time. See Book of Northern Qi, Volume 35
- ↑ Wu & Zhen (2018), pp. 228–229.
- ↑ Wu & Zhen (2018), pp. 233–234.
- ↑ Dien (2014), pp. 57–84.
- ↑ Lee (2014), pp. 181–184.
Sources
- Dien, Albert E. (2014). "The Disputation at Pengcheng: Accounts from the Wei Shu and Song Shu". In Swartz, Wendy; Company, Robert Ford; Lu, Yang; Choo, Jessey (eds.). Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook (e-book). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 57–84.
- Lee, Jen-Der (2014). "Crime and Punishment: the Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu". In Swartz, Wendy; Company, Robert Ford; Lu, Yang; Choo, Jessey (eds.). Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook (e-book). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 181–184.
- Wu, Huaiqi; Zhen, Chi (2018). An Historical Sketch of Chinese Historiography (e-book ed.). Berlin: Springer.
