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Marina or Malintzin,more popularly known as La Malinche,a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast,became known for contributing to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521),by acting as an interpreter,advisor,and intermediary for the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. She was one of 20 enslaved women given to the Spaniards in 1519 by the natives of Tabasco. Cortés chose her as a consort,and she later gave birth to his first son,Martín –one of the first Mestizos in New Spain.
Moctezuma I,also known as Moteuczomatzin Ilhuicamina,Huehuemoteuczoma or Montezuma I,was the second Aztec emperor and fifth king of Tenochtitlan. During his reign,the Aztec Empire was consolidated,major expansion was undertaken,and Tenochtitlan started becoming the dominant partner of the Aztec Triple Alliance. Often mistaken for his popular descendant,Moctezuma II,Moctezuma I greatly contributed to the famed Aztec Empire that thrived until Spanish arrival,and he ruled over a period of peace from 1440 to 1453. Moctezuma brought social,economical,and political reform to strengthen Aztec rule,and Tenochtitlan benefited from relations with other cities.
The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec people included different ethnic groups of central Mexico,particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Aztec culture was organized into city-states (altepetl),some of which joined to form alliances,political confederations,or empires. The Aztec Empire was a confederation of three city-states established in 1427:Tenochtitlan,city-state of the Mexica or Tenochca,Texcoco,and Tlacopan,previously part of the Tepanec empire,whose dominant power was Azcapotzalco. Although the term Aztecs is often narrowly restricted to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan,it is also broadly used to refer to Nahua polities or peoples of central Mexico in the prehispanic era,as well as the Spanish colonial era (1521–1821). The definitions of Aztec and Aztecs have long been the topic of scholarly discussion ever since German scientist Alexander von Humboldt established its common usage in the early 19th century.
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Miguel León-Portilla was a Mexican anthropologist and historian,specializing in Aztec culture and literature of the pre-Columbian and colonial eras. Many of his works were translated to English and he was a well-recognized scholar internationally. In 2013,the Library of Congress of the United States bestowed on him the Living Legend Award.
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The Aztecs were a Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th,15th,and 16th centuries. They called themselves Mēxihcah.
History of Tlaxcala is an alphabetic text in Spanish with illustrations written by and under the supervision of Diego Muñoz Camargo in the years leading up to 1585.
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire,also known as the Conquest of Mexico,the Spanish-Aztec War (1519–1521),or the Conquest of Tenochtitlan was one of the primary events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. There are multiple 16th-century narratives of the events by Spanish conquistadors,their indigenous allies,and the defeated Aztecs. It was not solely a small contingent of Spaniards defeating the Aztec Empire but a coalition of Spanish invaders with tributaries to the Aztecs,and most especially the Aztecs' indigenous enemies and rivals. They combined forces to defeat the Mexica of Tenochtitlan over a two-year period. For the Spanish,Mexico was part of a project of Spanish colonization of the New World after 25 years of permanent Spanish settlement and further exploration in the Caribbean.
The traditions of indigenous Mesoamerican literature extend back to the oldest-attested forms of early writing in the Mesoamerican region,which date from around the mid-1st millennium BCE. Many of the pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica are known to have been literate societies,who produced a number of Mesoamerican writing systems of varying degrees of complexity and completeness. Mesoamerican writing systems arose independently from other writing systems in the world,and their development represents one of the very few such origins in the history of writing.
Don Luis de Santa María Nanacacipactzin,also known as Cipac,was the last tlatoani ("king") of the Nahua altepetl of Tenochtitlan,as well as its governor (gobernador) under the colonial Spanish system of government. The previous ruler Cristóbal de Guzmán Cecetzin having died in 1562,Nanacacipactzin was installed on September 30,1563,and ruled until his death on December 27,1565.
The Mexica are a Nahuatl-speaking people of the Valley of Mexico who were the rulers of the Triple Alliance,more commonly referred to as the Aztec Empire. The Mexica established Tenochtitlan,a settlement on an island in Lake Texcoco,in 1325. A dissident group in Tenochtitlan separated and founded the settlement of Tlatelolco with its own dynastic lineage. In 1521,their empire was overthrown by an alliance of Spanish conquistadors and indigenous warriors,led by the Tlaxcaltec Tlatoani (king) Xicotencatl the Elder and the Spaniard Hernán Cortés. The Mexica were subjugated under the Kingdom of Spain for 300 years until they liberated themselves in the Mexican War of Independence in 1821.
New Philology generally refers to a branch of Mexican ethnohistory and philology that uses colonial-era native language texts written by Indians to construct history from the indigenous point of view. The name New Philology was coined by James Lockhart to describe work that he and his doctoral students and scholarly collaborators in history,anthropology,and linguistics had pursued since the mid-1970s. Lockhart published a great many essays elaborating on the concept and content of the New Philology and Matthew Restall published a description of it in the Latin American Research Review.
Quetzalcoatl is a deity in Aztec culture and literature. Among the Aztecs,he was related to wind,Venus,Sun,merchants,arts,crafts,knowledge,and learning. He was also the patron god of the Aztec priesthood. He was one of several important gods in the Aztec pantheon,along with the gods Tlaloc,Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli. The two other gods represented by the planet Venus are Tlaloc and Xolotl.
Frances Esther Karttunen,also known as Frances Ruley Karttunen,is an American academic linguist,historian and author.
Susan Schroeder is an American historian,specializing in the ethnohistory of Aztec people of Mexico and in the translation of colonial documents written in Nahuatl - especially the chronicles of Chimalpahin. She received her PhD in 1984 from UCLA where she studied Nahuatl and Latin American Colonial History with James Lockhart. She is professor emerita at Tulane University,where she taught from 1999 to 2009,after teaching at Loyola University at Chicago from 1985 to 1999. She received the lifetime achievement award of the American Society for Ethnohistory in 2017.
Quecholcohuatl was a Chalcan musician. He was known for making peace between his native altepetl of Chalco and Tenochtitlan by serenading its Tlatoani,Axayacatl,in 1479.
Fifth Sun:A New History of the Aztecs is a 2019 book by American historian Camilla Townsend. The book utilizes indigenous,as opposed to European,sources to tell the history of Aztec civilization. The book won the 2020 Cundill History Prize.
References
- ↑ "Townsend, Camilla, 1965-". Library of Congress Name Authority File. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
- ↑ "Townsend, Camilla". Rutgers University. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
- ↑ "Fifth Sun: A New History of the Aztecs wins Cundill History Prize". McGill.ca. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- 1 2 Tenorio, Rich (2020-05-06). "Fifth Sun is the history of the Aztecs as seen through their own eyes". Mexico News Daily. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
- ↑ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Camilla Townsend" . Retrieved 2021-10-04.
- ↑ "Camilla Townsend". John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
- ↑ "For the wanderers who became the Aztecs history was a chorus of voices | Aeon Essays". Aeon. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
- ↑ "Camilla Townsend on winning the Cundill History Prize". 22 September 2022.
