Chapman's zebra

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Chapman's zebra
Chapman's Zebras 01.jpg
Chapman's zebras at the Melbourne Zoo
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Genus: Equus
Species:
E. quagga
Subspecies:
E. q. chapmani
Trinomial name
Equus quagga chapmani
Layard, 1865 [1]

Chapman's zebra (Equus quagga chapmani), named after explorer James Chapman, is a subspecies of the plains zebra from southern Africa. [2] [3]

Contents

Chapman's zebra are native to savannas and similar habitats of north-east South Africa, north to Zimbabwe, west into Botswana, the Caprivi Strip in Namibia, and southern Angola. [4] Like the other subspecies of plains zebra, it is a herbivore that exists largely on a diet of grasses, and undertakes a migration during the wet season to find fresh sources of food and to avoid lions, which are their primary predator. [5] Chapman's zebras are distinguished from other subspecies by subtle variations in their stripes. [6] [7] When compared to other equids in the region Chapman's zebras are relatively abundant in number, however its population is now in decline largely because of human factors such as poaching and farming. [8] Studies and breeding programs have been undertaken with the hope of arresting this decline, with a focus on ensuring zebras bred in captivity are equipped for life in the wild, and that non-domesticated populations are able to freely migrate. [9] A problem faced by some of these programs is that captive Chapman's zebra populations experience higher incidence of diagnosed diseases than non-domesticated populations due to the fact that they live longer, and so are less likely to die in the wild from predation or a lack of food or water.

Description

The unique stripes of the Chapman's zebra. Berlin Tierpark Friedrichsfelde 12-2015 img14 Chapman zebra.jpg
The unique stripes of the Chapman's zebra.

Chapman's zebras are single-hoofed mammals that are a part of the odd-toed ungulate order. They differ from other zebras in that their stripes continue past their knees, and that they also have somewhat brown stripes in addition to the black and white stripes that are typically associated with zebras. [6] [7] The pastern is also not completely black on the lower half. [6] Each zebra has its own unique stripe pattern that also includes shadow stripes. [10] When foals are born, they have brown stripes, and in some cases, adults do not develop the black colouration on their hides and keep their brown stripes.

In the wild Chapman's zebra live on average to 25 years of age, however that can live to be up to 38 years of age in captivity. [11] Males usually weigh 270–360 kg (600–800 lb) and stand at 120–130 cm (48–52 in) tall. Females weigh about 230–320 kg (500–700 lb) and stand as tall as the males. Foals weigh 25-50 kg (55-88 lb) at birth. Adult zebras can run at up to 56 kilometres per hour (35 miles per hour) and have strong eyesight and hearing which are essential evolutionary defence mechanisms. [12]

Ecology

Diet

Chapman's zebras have been observed to spend a large portion of their day feeding (approximately 50%), and primarily consume low-quality grasses found in savannas, grasslands, and shrublands, however they occasionally eat wild berries and other plants in order to increase protein intake. [8] [13] While they show a preference for short grasses, unlike some other grazing animals they also eat long grasses and so play an important role by consuming the upper portion of long grass that has grown in the wet season to then allow for other animals to feed. Young foals are reliant on their mothers for sustenance for approximately the first 12 months of their lives as their teeth are unable to properly breakdown the tough grasses that the adults eat until the enamel has sufficiently worn away. [14]

Migration

During the dry season Chapman's zebras tend not to stray too far from a water source as they frequently have to drink. [10] During the wet season however, the zebras will join together in large herds consisting of many harems and migrate in order to find abundant food sources to feed on after the relatively sparse dry season They also try to avoid other animal migrations so as to lower competition for food. [15] [7] As they only require lower-quality foraging, Chapman's zebras prefer to migrate to areas with a greater density of food, and will prioritise quantity ahead of quality. By optimising foraging density and avoiding other foraging species, Chapman's zebras are able to sustain large populations which rapidly deplete foraging areas forcing them to continue migrating. [16] In addition, Chapman's zebras also exhibit a cyclical daily movement whereby they prefer grasslands during the day and woodlands during the night so as to avoid lions, which are their main predator. [17] They frequently move around and actively avoid areas where they recently observed lion activity. [17]

Social behaviour

Chapman's zebras are highly sociable animals that live in herds of up to tens of thousands of individuals. The larger herd is composed of harems with permanent members; consisting of one herd stallion, one to six females, and their offspring. They rarely exhibit aggressive behaviour towards each other or other species. [18] [19] Males without a harem have also been observed to form long term cliques of their own with other bachelor males which has been shown to improve their social skills. Stallion-stallion groups are uncommon, and in the cases where they do form they are short-lasting. [18] The females stay in the same harems all of their lives.

A Chapman's zebra harem. Zebra Botswana edit.jpg
A Chapman's zebra harem.

Chapman's zebras spend time resting during the day but are more active at dusk. [13] This is most likely a defensive behavioural trait as predators are more prevalent at this time of day, and so it is beneficial for members of the herd to be more vigilant at these times. [20] On occasion a small group will rush at a potential predator in an attempt to deter them from attacking, however in general Chapman's zebras prefer to avoid any such conflicts. [17]

Within their harems there has been observed hierarchical social structures which dictate things such as the movements of the group, through to how they care for their offspring. High-ranking mares in particular exert pressure on the group in order to promote the survival of their own foals. [21] When foraging, Chapman's zebras rely on the dominant member of the harem to lead them to water and food sources. [16] The success of high-ranking harem members at leading the group to food and water determines whether they maintain leadership into the future, and shows how the zebras value stability in their respective groups. Leadership roles can change over time however. [22] Older mares often have a higher social rank than younger harem members. [21] Lactating females are also able to initiate movement within a harem which in turn can sometimes influence the movements of the whole herd. When a pregnant mare gives birth her foal assumes the same social status within the harem as her. [22]

From a young age foals are able to recognise the scent and sound of their mother and form bonds together that last into adulthood. [23] [24] This ability to recognise other zebras does not diminish into adulthood where they are able to differentiate amongst other group members. This is essential for creating stability within groups, which lowers inter-group competition for resources and thus improves survival. [5] In captivity has been shown that Chapman's zebras form unique relationships with different keepers and that they repeatedly alter their behaviour depending on which keeper is interacting with them. [25]

A mare with her foal. La-Palmyre-zoo 121-Zebre-chapman.jpg
A mare with her foal.

Reproduction

Males will typically fight one another in front of a group of females before they mate with them, with the highest-ranking mare in the harem the first to mate. [21] [7] The gestation period for Chapman's zebras is around 12 months, after which time the female will give birth to a single foal. [26] The foal is quickly able to walk with the rest of the group which is essential for its survival, as it ensures that the mother does not have to leave it behind for the good of the other members of the harem. [12] Each subsequent pregnancy has a shorter inter-birth period than the one before it as the mare become more adept at raising her foals. [21] Male zebras that are members of the harem but not the father of the foal have been reported to practice infanticide. This has been observed in particular in captivity where zebras from different social groups are kept in close proximity. [27] It is also possible for Chapman's zebras to be bred via an equine surrogate, as was first done in 1984. [28]

Conservation

While not considered a threatened species, Chapman's zebras are extinct in Burundi and Lesotho, and possibly also in Somalia. [13] Total numbers have declined approximately 25% in recent years due to human activities including farming, hunting, poaching, and droughts exacerbated by climate change. [8] [4] Human settlements also impact population sizes by interrupting migratory patterns and thus limiting the availability of dense food sources necessary for the sustenance of large herds. This diminishes the ease at which the zebras migrate and so they cannot find food as readily. [15] There is evidence that wildlife corridors could be used to re-establish migratory patterns by linking up ecosystems, and that the zebras would be able to adapt to these new migration paths. [29]

Other conservation efforts have taken place in an attempt to stabilise the population. A program at the Majete Wildlife Reserve undertook a captive breeding and reintroduction program, however it is unknown whether the zebras have the abilities required to survive, in the wild having been raised in captivity. [19] Research at the Werribee Zoological Park aimed to create a more realistic environment for the zebras so that they can be more seamlessly reintroduced, and to then provide guidance for other breeding programs around the world. [9] However, one particular issue in breeding programs is how to safely replicate the threat of predators so that the zebras are prepared for the wild. This threat impacts a number of aspects of their lives, such as when they eat, when they rest, and when they move. As yet no solution has been found. [20]

Diseases

Like other herbivores Chapman's zebra are susceptible to hydatidosis, a parasitic disease, but it is not often attributed as a cause of death. Infected zebras can live undiagnosed for many years without symptoms and it is not considered a serious threat. [30] Chapman's zebras are also carriers of nematode parasites which reside in their large intestine and cause an infection called helminthiasis, which can be fatal if left untreated. [31]

In captive populations where life expectancy is longer, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) or equine Cushing's disease causes excessive hormone production in zebras which commonly leads to other painful chronic conditions. [32] A growing body of research is finding ways for zoos to better identify and treat PPID so as to improve the life expectancy and quality of life of no just Chapman's zebras, but all equids. [33] Captive populations can also uniquely develop flexure deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint, or club foot, a condition not observed in non-domesticated populations and one that is best treated through surgery. [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Equidae</span> Family of hoofed mammals

Equidae is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, asses, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. The family evolved around 50 million years ago from a small, multi-toed ungulate into larger, single-toed animals. All extant species are in the genus Equus, which originated in North America. Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes the extant tapirs and rhinoceros, and several extinct families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quagga</span> Extinct subspecies of plains zebra from South Africa and Namibia

The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra that was endemic to South Africa until it was hunted to extinction in the late 19th century. It was long thought to be a distinct species, but early genetic studies have supported it being a subspecies of plains zebra. A more recent study suggested that it was the southernmost cline or ecotype of the species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zebra</span> Black-and-white striped animals in the equid family

Zebras are African equines with distinctive black-and-white striped coats. There are three living species: Grévy's zebra, the plains zebra, and the mountain zebra. Zebras share the genus Equus with horses and asses, the three groups being the only living members of the family Equidae. Zebra stripes come in different patterns, unique to each individual. Several theories have been proposed for the function of these stripes, with most evidence supporting them as a deterrent for biting flies. Zebras inhabit eastern and southern Africa and can be found in a variety of habitats such as savannahs, grasslands, woodlands, shrublands, and mountainous areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Przewalski's horse</span> Subspecies of mammal

Przewalski's horse, also called the takhi, Mongolian wild horse or Dzungarian horse, is a rare and endangered horse originally native to the steppes of Central Asia. It is named after the Russian geographer and explorer Nikolay Przhevalsky. Once extinct in the wild, it has been reintroduced to its native habitat since the 1990s in Mongolia at the Khustain Nuruu National Park, Takhin Tal Nature Reserve, and Khomiin Tal, as well as several other locales in Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onager</span> Species of mammal

The onager, also known as hemione or Asiatic wild ass, is a species of the family Equidae native to Asia. A member of the subgenus Asinus, the onager was described and given its binomial name by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1775. Six subspecies have been recognized, two of which are extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plains zebra</span> Species of zebra

The plains zebra, also known as the common zebra, is the most common and geographically widespread species of zebra. Its range is fragmented, but spans much of southern and eastern Africa south of the Sahara. Six or seven subspecies have been recognised, including the extinct quagga which was thought to be a separate species. More recent research supports variations in zebra populations being clines rather than subspecies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain zebra</span> Species of zebra

The mountain zebra is a zebra species in the family Equidae, native to southwestern Africa. There are two subspecies, the Cape mountain zebra found in South Africa and Hartmann's mountain zebra found in south-western Angola and Namibia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zebroid</span> Offspring of a zebra and any other equine

A zebroid is the offspring of any cross between a zebra and any other equine to create a hybrid. In most cases, the sire is a zebra stallion. The offspring of a donkey sire and zebra dam, called a donkra, and the offspring of a horse sire and a zebra dam, called a hebra, do exist, but are rare and are usually sterile. Zebroids have been bred since the 19th century. Charles Darwin noted several zebra hybrids in his works.

<i>Equus</i> (genus) Genus of mammals which includes horses, donkeys, and zebras

Equus is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae, which includes horses, asses, and zebras. Within the Equidae, Equus is the only recognized extant genus, comprising seven living species. Like Equidae more broadly, Equus has numerous extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes, and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers, with simpler digestive systems than ruminants but able to subsist on lower-quality vegetation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiang</span> Tibetan wild ass

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grévy's zebra</span> Species of zebra

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grant's zebra</span> Subspecies of zebra

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quagga Project</span> Attempt to breed a zebra resembling an extinct quagga

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lord Morton's mare</span> Equid hybrid notable in the history of evolutionary theory

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crawshay's zebra</span> Subspecies of zebra

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References

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  29. ↑ Bartlam-Brooks, H.L.A.; Bonyongo, M.C.; Harris, Stephen (2011). "Will reconnecting ecosystems allow long-distance mammal migrations to resume? A case study of a zebra Equus burchelli migration in Botswana". Oryx. 45 (2): 210–216. doi: 10.1017/s0030605310000414 . ISSN   0030-6053.
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  32. ↑ "Equine Cushing's Disease". Royal Veterinary College. 2020.
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  34. ↑ Vogelnest, L; Dart, AJ; Dart, CM (1998). "Surgical management of flexure deformity of the distal inter-phalangeal joint in three Chapman's zebras (Equus burchelli antiquorum)". Australian Veterinary Journal. 76 (2): 130–131. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb14547.x. ISSN   0005-0423. PMID   9578786.
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