↑ 195,345 is the size of the population in Spain born in China (including those with Spanish citizenship). 215,970 is the size of the foreign population in Spain with Chinese citizenship (thus, with no Spanish citizenship).[1][2]
Chinese people in Spain form the ninth-largest non-European Union foreign community in Spain.[3]As of 2009[update], official figures showed 145,425 Chinese citizens residing in Spain; however, this figure does not include people with origins in other Overseas Chinese communities, nor Spanish citizens of Chinese origin or descent.[2]
A Chinese wholesale clothing store in Zaragoza. The sign is in simplified characters, indicating comparatively recent (and PRC-based) origin of the local Chinese community.
The first recorded arrivals of Chinese people to Spain date from the late 16th century. Bernardino de Escalante in his Discurso de la navegación... (one of the first European books on China, published in 1577) says that among his sources of information were "Chinese themselves, who came to Spain" ("los mesmos naturales Chinas que an venido à España").[4]Juan González de Mendoza in his History of the great and mighty kingdom of China, wrote that in 1585 "three merchants of China" arrived in Mexico "and neuer staied till they came into Spaine and into other kingdomes further off."[5]
A legal case was brought before the Council of the Indies involving two Chinese men in Seville, one a freeman, Esteban Cabrera, and the other a slave, Diego Indio, against Juan de Morales, Diego's owner. Diego called on Esteban to give evidence as a witness on his behalf.[6][7] Diego recalled that he was taken as a slave by Francisco de Casteñeda from Mexico, to Nicaragua, then to Lima in Peru, then to Panama, and eventually to Spain via Lisbon, while he was still a boy.[8][9][10][11] Esteban testified that he knew Diego as a boy in Limpoa (Liampó, the Portuguese name of Ningbo, a Chinese city in Zhejiang), which he claimed to be part of the Spanish colonial indies.[12] This was a false claim since Liampo was not under Spanish rule, and it is speculated that Esteban and Diego lied about it in order to help Diego win his freedom, playing on the fact that the Spanish conducting the case were ignorant of Spain's Asian affairs. It worked in their favor and in July 1575 the Council issued a ruling siding with Diego.[13] Juana de Castañeda also testified on behalf of Diego, claiming that she knew Diego in Lima and she also married Esteban during the ordeal.[14][15] Juana was a native woman from Lima.[16][17][18] Juana was around 40 years old when she testified on behalf of Diego in 1572.[19] Another native woman from Panama, Isabel García also testified in favor of Diego, saying she knew him while he was in Panama.[20] Esteban's will dated 15 March 1599 left his property to his daughter Francisca de Altamirana and her husband Miguel de la Cruz who was a tailor and probably Chinese like Esteban.[21] A family of tailors was started by Esteban.[22] Tristán de la China was taken as a slave by the Portuguese,[23] while he was still a boy and in the 1520s was obtained by Cristobál de Haro in Lisbon, and taken to live in Seville and Valladolid. He was paid for his service as a translator on the 1525 Loaísa expedition,[24] during which he was still an adolescent.[25] The survivors, including Tristan, were shipwrecked for a decade until 1537 when they were returned to Lisbon by a Portuguese ship.[26] Records from 7 May 1618 show that Hernando de los Ríos Coronel was permitted to bring from the Philippines to Spain two Chinese slaves, named Cosme and Juan de Terrenate, who was married to a woman named Manuela.[27][28] Several Asians took advantage of laws requiring that the Spanish state pay for their return to their homeland after being trafficked to Spain illegally. A Chinese named Juan Castelindala Moreno petitioned to be sent home in 1632.[29]
Asian slaves who were shipped from the Spanish Philippines in the Manila-Acapulco galleons to Acapulco in New Spain (Mexico) were all called "Chino" which meant Chinese, although in reality they were of diverse origins, including Japanese, Malays, Javanese, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and Chinese.[30][31][32][33]-[34] The people in this community of diverse Asians in Mexico were called "los indios chinos" by the Spanish.[35] Most of these slaves were male and were obtained from Portuguese slave traders who obtained them from Portuguese colonial possessions and outposts of the Estado da India, which included parts of India, Bengal, Malacca, Indonesia, Nagasaki in Japan, and Macau.[36][37] Some Spanish temporarily brought some of these Chino slaves to Spain itself from Mexico, where owning and showing off a Chino slave showed high class since Spanish aristocrats viewed their Chino slaves as fascinating trendy symbols of class. A Spanish woman, Doña María de Quesada y Figueroa,[38][39][40] in New Spain owned a China born Chinese man called Manuel who before being enslaved to her was taken from New Spain to be shown off in Seville until he was transferred to her ownership to be used by her as a slave by the woman's son Doctor D. Juan de Quesada in 1621.[41] Records of three Japanese slaves dating from the 16th century, named Gaspar Fernandes, Miguel and Ventura who ended up in Mexico showed that they were purchased by Portuguese slave traders in Japan, brought to Manila from where they were shipped to Mexico by their owner Perez.[42][43][44] Some of these Asian slaves were also brought to Lima in Peru, where there was a small community of Asians including Chinese, Japanese, and Malays.[45][46][47]
The first large wave of Chinese immigrants came to Spain in the 1920s and 1930s, working as itinerant peddlers. After World War II, they branched out into the restaurant industry, and later into textiles and trade.[48] However, the vast majority of Chinese residents in Spain started arriving in the country around the 1980s. According to Xu Songhua, president of the Association of Chinese in Spain (Asociación de Chinos en España), established in 1985, there are 13,000 Chinese-owned businesses in Spain, including 4,000 restaurants, 3,200 "dollar shops", 1,500 fruit shops, 600 wholesale warehouses, 80 Chinese groceries, 200 textile factories, and 120 photo processing shops.[49] Nowadays, Madrid and Barcelona are home to the largest Chinese communities of Spain. Unlike earlier waves of Chinese immigrants in other countries, over 80% of the Chinese in Spain come from Zhejiang's Qingtian County, with smaller numbers from Guangdong and Fujian. Others have come from Hong Kong, Macau, and Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Europe.[49]
Demography
A Chinese restaurant in Usera district (Madrid), the "Chinatown" of Spanish capital.
The age structure of Chinese in Spain is skewed very young; 2003 figures showed only 1.8% aged 65 or older, as compared to 7% of the population of the People's Republic of China and 17.5% of that of Spain,[50] while over 17% were under the age of 15.[49] As a result of the small proportion of elderly, combined with long working hours and the illegal status of some, Chinese are reported to use medical services at a far lower rate than other ethnic groups in Spain.[51]
Foreign population of Chinese citizenship in Spain
Vertical bar chart of foreign population of Chinese nationality in Spain between 1998 and 2017
A Taoist temple was opened in 2014 by the Chinese community of Barcelona, led by Taoist priest Liu Zemin, a 21st-generation descendant of poet, soldier and prophet Liu Bo Wen (1311-1375). The temple, located in the district of Sant Martí and inaugurated with the presence of the People's Republic of China consul Qu Chengwu, enshrines 28 deities of the province of China where most of the Chinese in Barcelona come from.[53][54]
Victimization
In September 2004, protests in Elche over cheap imported shoes from China undercutting local shoe markets resulted in the burning of a Chinese-owned shoe warehouse.[55] Crime is a problem in the Chinese community due to the triads, which are involved in human trafficking and extortion of Chinese business owners. However, the Triads have not established themselves as drug distributors due to competition from other groups.[56]
The Manila galleon, originally known as La Nao de China, and Galeón de Acapulco, refers to the Spanish trading ships that linked the Spanish Crown's Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, with its Asian territories, collectively known as the Spanish East Indies, across the Pacific Ocean. The ships made one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of Acapulco and Manila from the late 16th to early 19th century. The name of the galleon changed to reflect from which city the ship sailed, setting sail from Cavite, in Manila Bay, at the end of June or first week of July, starting the return journey (tornaviaje) from Acapulco in March–April of the next calendar year, and returning to Manila in June–July.
Chinese Peruvians, also known as tusán, are Peruvian citizens whose ancestors came from China.
Chinatowns in Latin America developed with the rise of Chinese immigration in the 19th century to various countries in Latin America as contract laborers in agricultural and fishing industries. Most came from Guangdong Province. Since the 1970s, the new arrivals have typically hailed from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Latin American Chinatowns may include the descendants of original migrants — often of mixed Chinese and Latino parentage — and more recent immigrants from East Asia. Most Asian Latin Americans are of Cantonese and Hakka origin. Estimates widely vary on the number of Chinese descendants in Latin America but it is at least 1.4 million and likely much greater than this.
Chinese Cubans are Cubans of full or mixed Chinese ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to Cuba. They are part of the ethnic Chinese diaspora.
Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, Count consort of Oñate and Count of Villamediana was a Spanish political figure. He played an important role in the Thirty Years' War.
Asian Peruvians, primarily referring to those of Chinese and Japanese descent. Around 36,000 constitute some 0.16% of Peru's population as per the 2017 Census in Peru. In the 2017 Census in Peru, only 14,223 people self-reported tusán or Chinese ancestry, while only 22,534 people self-reported nikkei or Japanese ancestry. However, according to the 2009 census, it was estimated that 5% of the 29 million Peruvians in 2009 had Chinese roots and ancestry, while 160,000 Peruvians in 2015 had Japanese roots and ancestry. Today it is believed that the Asian population in Peru would be from 3 to 10% of the population.
Japanese Mexicans are Mexicans of Japanese ancestry. As of 2019, there are an estimated 76,000 people who are Japanese or of Japanese descent in Mexico.
It is estimated that there are over 20,000 Chinese people in Chile. Chinese immigrants come from both China and Taiwan.
Chinese people in Portugal form the country's largest Asian community, and the twelfth-largest foreign community overall. Despite forming only a small part of the overseas Chinese population in Europe, the Chinese community in Portugal is one of the continent's oldest due to the country's colonial and trade history with Macau dating back to the 16th century. There are about 30,000 people of Chinese descent residing in Portugal
The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821. This resulted in direct Spanish control during a period of governmental instability there. The Philippines was under direct royal governance from 1821 to 1898.
China–Peru relations are foreign relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Peru. Peru is the first Latin American country that China established formal ties with, which was done by the Qing dynasty in August 1875. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the United Nations.
Chinese immigration to Mexico began during the colonial era and has continued to the present day. However, the largest number of migrants to Mexico have arrived during two waves: the first spanning from the 1880s to the 1940s and another, reinvigorated wave of migrants arriving since the early 21st century. Between 1880 and 1910, during the term of President Porfirio Díaz, the Mexican government was trying to modernize the country, especially in building railroads and developing the sparsely populated northern states. When the government could not attract enough European immigrants, it was decided to allow Chinese migrant workers into the country. At first, small Chinese communities appeared mostly in the north of the country, but by the early 20th century, Chinese communities could be found in many parts of the country, including the capital of Mexico City. By the 1920s, the number of Chinese in the country was about 26,000.
Sebastian Kindelán y O'Regan, also called Sebastián de Kindelán y Oregón, was a colonel in the Spanish Army who served as governor of East Florida and of Santo Domingo during the Second Spanish period (1818–1821), as well as provisional governor of Cuba (1822–1823).
Slavery in Portugal existed since before the country's formation. During the pre-independence period, inhabitants of the current Portuguese territory were often enslaved and enslaved others. After independence, during the existence of the Kingdom of Portugal, the country played a leading role in the Atlantic slave trade, which involved the mass trade and transportation of slaves from Africa and other parts of the world to the American continent. The import of slaves was banned in European Portugal in 1761 by the Marquês de Pombal. However, slavery within the African Portuguese colonies was only abolished in 1869.
Petrus Martinez de Osma was a Spanish theologian and philosopher, known for his views on indulgences, which he retracted at the end of his life.
Diego Ramírez de Arellano was a Spanish sailor and cosmographer. He achieved fame for piloting the Garcia de Nodal expedition to the region of the Strait of Magellan. The expedition discovered the Diego Ramírez Islands, the most southerly point visited by Europeans until the discovery of the South Sandwich Islands by Captain James Cook in 1775.
Asian Mexicans are Mexicans of Asian descent. Asians are considered cuarta raíz of Mexico in conjunction with the two main roots: Native and European, and the third African root.
The Spanish conquest of Chiapas was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores against the Late Postclassic Mesoamerican polities in the territory that is now incorporated into the modern Mexican state of Chiapas. The region is physically diverse, featuring a number of highland areas, including the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and the Montañas Centrales, a southern littoral plain known as Soconusco and a central depression formed by the drainage of the Grijalva River.
Youth Front was a Spanish political youth organization and far-right militant group, sometimes considered a terrorist organization.
Itō Mancio was a Japanese Jesuit, head of the Tenshō embassy; the first Japanese diplomatic mission to Europe, and a Catholic priest.
↑ Juan González de Mendoza, The history of the great and mighty kingdom of China and the situation thereof. English translation by Robert Parke, 1588, in an 1853 reprint by Hakluyt Society. Page 95. Also quoted by Donald F. Lach. Modern annotations (as in the 1944 Spanish edition) note that this fact is absent in the first Spanish edition (Rome, 1585) but appears in the next Spanish edition (Madrid, 1586), meaning that Mendoza added a current fact to the new edition.
↑ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (1984). José Jesús Hernández Palomo; Bibiano Torres Ramírez (eds.). Andalucia y America en el Siglo Xvi. Vol.292 (Publicaciones de la Escuela de estudios hispano-americanos de Sevilla) (illustrateded.). Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. p.553. ISBN8400056647. ISSN0210-5802. Retrieved 2 February 2014.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
↑ Studia, Issues 58-59. Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos. 2001. p.24. Retrieved 2 February 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (1984). José Jesús Hernández Palomo; Bibiano Torres Ramírez (eds.). Andalucia y America en el Siglo Xvi. Vol.292 (Publicaciones de la Escuela de estudios hispano-americanos de Sevilla) (illustrateded.). Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. p.553. ISBN8400056647. ISSN0210-5802. Retrieved 2 February 2014.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
↑ Bibiano Torres Ramírez, José Jesús Hernández Palomo, Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Huelva (Spain: Province). Excma. Diputación Provincial (1983). Bibiano Torres Ramírez; José Jesús Hernández Palomo (eds.). Andalucia y America en el Siglo XVI. Bibiano Torres Ramírez (illustrateded.). Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, C.S.I.C. p.553. ISBN8400056647. Retrieved 2 February 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Wolfgang Binder, ed. (1993). Slavery in the Americas. Vol.4 of Studien zur "Neuen Welt" (illustrateded.). Königshausen & Neumann. p.100. ISBN3884797131. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
↑ Guillermo Lohmann Villena; Francisco de Solano (1993). Los Americanos en Las órdenes Nobiliarias. Vol.7 (Colección Biblioteca de Historia de América) (illustrateded.). Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. p.342. ISBN8400073517. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
↑ Guillermo Lohmann Villena (1947). Santiago. Vol.1 (Los americanos en las órdenes nobiliarias, Los americanos en las órdenes nobiliarias). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científícas, Instituto "Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo". p.342. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
↑ Leslie Bethell (1984). Leslie Bethell (ed.). The Cambridge History of Latin America. Vol.2 (The Cambridge History of Latin America: Colonial Latin America. I-II) (illustrated, reprinted.). Cambridge University Press. p.21. ISBN0521245168. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Nieto, Gladys (2003), "Overseas Chinese associations building up a national identity: specific cases in Spain", in Fernández-Stembridge, Leila (ed.), China Today: Economic Reforms, Social Cohesion, and Collective Identities, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp.173–195, ISBN0-415-31267-1
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