Combined injectable birth control

Combined injectable birth control
Background
Type	Hormonal
First use	By 1969
Failure rates (first year)
Perfect use	0–0.2% [1]
Typical use	?
Usage
Duration effect	1 month
User reminders	?
Advantages and disadvantages
STI protection	No
Benefits	Especially good if poor pill compliance

Combined injectable contraceptives (CICs) are a form of hormonal birth control for women. They consist of monthly injections of combined formulations containing an estrogen and a progestin to prevent pregnancy.

CICs are different from progestogen-only injectable contraceptives (POICs), such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA; brand names Depo-Provera, Depo-SubQ Provera 104) and norethisterone enantate (NETE; brand name Noristerat), which are not combined with an estrogen and are given once every two to three months instead of once a month. ^[2]

Hormonal contraception works primarily by preventing ovulation, but it may also thicken the cervical mucus inhibiting sperm penetration. ^{[3] [4] [5]} Hormonal contraceptives also have effects on the endometrium, ^{[6] [7]} that theoretically could affect implantation. ^{[8] [9] [10] [11]}

Medical uses

CICs are administered by intramuscular injection into the deltoid, gluteus maximus, or anterior thigh. ^[1] They are ideally administered every 28 to 30 days, though they have been demonstrated to be effective up to 33 days. ^[1]

Some CICs have been said to be used by transgender women as a means of feminizing hormone therapy as well. ^[12]

Available forms

Combined injectable contraceptives marketed for clinical use

Composition	Dose	Vehicle	Brand Names	Availability
Estradiol valerate / Norethisterone enantate	5 mg / 50 mg	Oil solution	Multiple [lower-alpha 1]	Approved in at least 36 countries
Estradiol cypionate / Medroxyprogesterone acetate	5 mg / 25 mg	Microcrystalline aqueous suspension	Multiple [lower-alpha 2]	Approved in at least 18 countries
Estradiol enantate / Algestone acetophenide a	10 mg / 150 mg	Oil solution	Multiple [lower-alpha 3]	Approved in at least 19 countries
	5 mg / 75 mg	Oil solution	Anafertin†, Patector NF, Yectames	Approved at least 9 countries
	10 mg / 120 mg	Oil solution	Unalmes, Yectuna	Approved in at least 3 countries
	10 mg / 75 mg	Oil solution	Ova Repos†	Discontinued (firm was in Spain)
Estradiol benzoate butyrate / Algestone acetophenide	10 mg / 150 mg	Oil solution?	Redimen, Soluna, Unijab, Unimens§	Approved in Peru and Singapore
Estradiol valerate / Hydroxyprogesterone caproate	5 mg / 250 mg	Oil solution	Chinese Injectable No. 1	Approved in China
Estradiol / Megestrol acetate	3.5 mg / 25 mg	Microcrystalline aqueous suspension	Chinese Injectable No. 2, Mego-E	Approved in China
Estradiol cypionate / Hydroxyprogesterone caproate	5 mg / 250 mg	Oil solution?	Sinbios†	Discontinued (firm was in Mexico)
Estradiol valerate / Estradiol benzoate / Hydroxyprogesterone caproate	10 mg / 1 mg / 250 mg	Oil solution?	Sin-Ol†	Discontinued (firm was in Mexico)
Notes: All are given by intramuscular injection once a month. Footnotes:† = Discontinued. § = Never marketed. a = Unsorted brand names (doses unknown; for E2-EN/DHPA): Evitas† and Femineo†. Sources: [13] [2] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] Chinese Injectable No. 3, Efectimes, Ginediol, Mesigyna, Mesilar, Meslart, Mesocept, Mesygest, Nofertyl, Nofertyl Lafrancol, Noregyna, Norestrin, Norifam, Norigynon, Nostidyn, Sexseg, Solouna Ciclofem, Ciclofemina, Cyclofem, Cyclofemina, Cyclogeston, Femelin, Femydrol, Gestin, Harmonis, Lunella, Lunelle†, Novafem Acefil, Agurin†, Atrimon†, Ciclomes, Ciclovar, Ciclovular, Cicnor†, Clinomin, Cycloven, Daiva, Damix, Deladroxate§, Deprans, Deproxone, Exuna, Ginestest, Ginoplan†, Gynomes, Horprotal, Listen, Luvonal, Neogestar, Neolutin, Nomagest, Nonestrol, Normagest, Normensil, Novular, Oterol, Ovoginal, Patector, Patectro, Perludil, Perlumes, Perlutal, Perlutale, Perlutan, Perlutin, Perlutin-Unifarma, Permisil, Preg-Less, Pregnolan, Primyfar†, Progestrol†, Protegin, Proter, Seguralmes, Synovular, Topasel, Unigalen, Uno-Ciclo, Vagital

A variety of different CICs, generally containing a short-acting natural estradiol ester and a long-acting progestin ester, are available for clinical use. ^{[24] [15] [2] [16] [13]} Estrogens that are used include estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol enantate, estradiol benzoate butyrate, and estradiol, while progestins that are used include norethisterone enantate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide), hydroxyprogesterone caproate, and megestrol acetate. ^{[15] [2] [16] [13]} Estradiol benzoate has a duration that is too short for once-monthly CICs, and is not used in them. ^[25] Conversely, estradiol enantate is said to have a duration that is too long for once-monthly CICs, but is nonetheless used in them. ^[25]

Side effects

Side effects of CICs, besides menstrual bleeding changes, are minimal. ^[26] The most prominent side effects of CICs are menstrual irregularities during the first 3 to 6 months of use. ^[1] Dysmenorrhea has been reported in 30 to 65% of women. ^[26] Other side effects include breast tenderness/pain, headache, and libido changes. ^[26] Some fluid retention can occur, but weight gain is minimal. ^[26] Local injection site reactions have also been reported in 15 to 35% of women. ^[26]

Effects of CICs on coagulation and fibrinolysis are minimal and are not thought to be clinically relevant. ^[27] Conversely, combined oral contraceptive pills containing ethinylestradiol have considerable effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis. ^[27] The differences can be attributed to the lack of the first-pass effect with parenteral administration as well as structural and pharmacological differences between estradiol and ethinylestradiol. ^{[28] [29]}

Pharmacology

Idealized curves of estradiol levels over a period of 30 days after injection of different estradiol esters in women.

CICs contain an estrogen and a progestin. The estrogen is generally a short-acting estradiol ester, which acts as a prodrug of estradiol. ^[24] Esters of estradiol are natural and bioidentical estrogens, and are believed to have more favorable effects on lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and hemostasis than synthetic estrogens such as ethinylestradiol. ^{[30] [31] [32]} The progestin is a long-acting progestogen ester, which may or may not act as a prodrug. ^[24] Progesterone derivatives including medroxyprogesterone acetate, algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide), hydroxyprogesterone caproate, and megestrol acetate are active themselves and are not prodrugs, whereas the testosterone derivative norethisterone enantate is a prodrug of norethisterone. Regardless of whether they are prodrugs or not, steroid esters form a depot and have an extended duration of action due to a depot effect when administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.

Because CICs are administered parenterally, they bypass the first-pass effect in the liver and intestines that occurs with oral administration of estrogens. ^[24] However, is estimated that about 20% of an administered dose does still eventually pass through the liver. ^[24] Hence, these preparations are not completely liver-neutral. ^[24] Nonetheless, they have dramatically reduced hepatic effects relative to oral ethinylestradiol. ^[28] In addition, parenteral estradiol in general has about 4- or 5-fold reduced potency in the liver than oral estradiol. ^[28]

Hormone levels following a single intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate/norethisterone enanthate (5 mg/50 mg) (Mesigyna) in healthy young men. Testosterone levels were maximally suppressed by about 94%, to ~30 ng/dL, when measured at day 7 post-injection.

CICs have antigonadotropic effects via their estrogenic and progestogenic activity and inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone levels. A single intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate/norethisterone enanthate (5 mg/50 mg) (Mesigyna) has been found to strongly suppress testosterone levels in men. ^[33] Testosterone levels decreased from a baseline of ~503 ng/dL to a trough of ~30 ng/dL (a 94% decrease) which occurred at day 7 post-injection. ^[33]

Estradiol levels with combined injectable contraceptives ^[16]

Preparation	Form	Dose	Estradiol Cmax	Estradiol Tmax
EV/NETE	Oil solution	5 mg/50 mg	232–428 pg/mL	2 days
EC/MPA	Aqueous suspension	5 mg/25 mg	184–736 pg/mL	2–4 days
EEn/DHPA	Oil solution	10 mg/150 mg	314–317 pg/mL	4.2–8.1 days
		5 mg/75 mg	148 pg/mL	6.5 days

• v
• t
• e

Potencies and durations of natural estrogens by intramuscular injection

Estrogen	Form	Dose (mg)		Duration by dose (mg)
		EPD	CICD
Estradiol	Aq. soln.	?	–	<1 d
	Oil soln.	40–60	–	1–2 ≈ 1–2 d
	Aq. susp.	?	3.5	0.5–2 ≈ 2–7 d; 3.5 ≈ >5 d
	Microsph.	?	–	1 ≈ 30 d
Estradiol benzoate	Oil soln.	25–35	–	1.66 ≈ 2–3 d; 5 ≈ 3–6 d
	Aq. susp.	20	–	10 ≈ 16–21 d
	Emulsion	?	–	10 ≈ 14–21 d
Estradiol dipropionate	Oil soln.	25–30	–	5 ≈ 5–8 d
Estradiol valerate	Oil soln.	20–30	5	5 ≈ 7–8 d; 10 ≈ 10–14 d; 40 ≈ 14–21 d; 100 ≈ 21–28 d
Estradiol benz. butyrate	Oil soln.	?	10	10 ≈ 21 d
Estradiol cypionate	Oil soln.	20–30	–	5 ≈ 11–14 d
	Aq. susp.	?	5	5 ≈ 14–24 d
Estradiol enanthate	Oil soln.	?	5–10	10 ≈ 20–30 d
Estradiol dienanthate	Oil soln.	?	–	7.5 ≈ >40 d
Estradiol undecylate	Oil soln.	?	–	10–20 ≈ 40–60 d; 25–50 ≈ 60–120 d
Polyestradiol phosphate	Aq. soln.	40–60	–	40 ≈ 30 d; 80 ≈ 60 d; 160 ≈ 120 d
Estrone	Oil soln.	?	–	1–2 ≈ 2–3 d
	Aq. susp.	?	–	0.1–2 ≈ 2–7 d
Estriol	Oil soln.	?	–	1–2 ≈ 1–4 d
Polyestriol phosphate	Aq. soln.	?	–	50 ≈ 30 d; 80 ≈ 60 d
Notes and sources Notes: All aqueous suspensions are of microcrystalline particle size. Estradiol production during the menstrual cycle is 30–640 µg/d (6.4–8.6 mg total per month or cycle). The vaginal epithelium maturation dosage of estradiol benzoate or estradiol valerate has been reported as 5 to 7 mg/week. An effective ovulation-inhibiting dose of estradiol undecylate is 20–30 mg/month. Sources: See template.

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• t
• e

Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens ^{[lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 2]}

Compound	Form	Dose for specific uses (mg) [lower-alpha 3]			DOA [lower-alpha 4]
		TFD [lower-alpha 5]	POICD [lower-alpha 6]	CICD [lower-alpha 7]
Algestone acetophenide	Oil soln.	-	–	75–150	14–32 d
Gestonorone caproate	Oil soln.	25–50	–	–	8–13 d
Hydroxyprogest. acetate [lower-alpha 8]	Aq. susp.	350	–	–	9–16 d
Hydroxyprogest. caproate	Oil soln.	250–500 [lower-alpha 9]	–	250–500	5–21 d
Medroxyprog. acetate	Aq. susp.	50–100	150	25	14–50+ d
Megestrol acetate	Aq. susp.	-	–	25	>14 d
Norethisterone enanthate	Oil soln.	100–200	200	50	11–52 d
Progesterone	Oil soln.	200 [lower-alpha 9]	–	–	2–6 d
	Aq. soln.	?	–	–	1–2 d
	Aq. susp.	50–200	–	–	7–14 d
Notes and sources: Sources: [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [2] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] All given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Progesterone production during the luteal phase is ~25 (15–50) mg/day. The OID of OHPC is 250 to 500 mg/month. Duration of action in days. Usually given for 14 days. Usually dosed every two to three months. Usually dosed once monthly. Never marketed or approved by this route. In divided doses (2 × 125 or 250 mg for OHPC, 10 × 20 mg for P4).

History

The first CIC to be studied was estradiol valerate/hydroxyprogesterone caproate (EV/OHPC) in 1963, and the second CIC to be studied was estradiol enantate/algestone acetophenide (E2-EN/DHPA) in 1964. ^{[26] [25]} In 1967, E2-EN/DHPA was in the late stages of clinical development. ^{[53] [26]} By 1969, the medication was available for medical use under the brand name Perlutal. ^[54] Within a few years, it was marketed under other brand names such as Topasel and Ova-Repos as well. ^{[55] [56] [57] [58]} In addition, several other CICs had been introduced for medical use by 1972. ^[58] By 1976, two major CICs were in use: E2-EN/DHPA (brand names Perlutan, Topasel) in Spain and Latin America, and EV/OHPC (brand name Injectable No. 1) in China. ^[59] These CICs have been described as first-generation CICs. ^[59] Two second-generation CICs, estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (EC/MPA; brand names Cyclofem and later Lunelle) and estradiol valerate/norethisterone enantate (EV/NETE; brand name Mesigyna), were introduced for clinical use in 1993. ^{[60] [14] [15]} On 5 October 2000, Pharmacia received FDA approval for Lunelle Monthly Contraceptive Injection. ^[1] In April 2003, Pharmacia was acquired by Pfizer (makers of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate).^{[ citation needed ]} In October 2003, Lunelle was discontinued in the United States.^{[ citation needed ]}

Society and culture

Availability

Known availability of CICs in countries throughout the world (as of September 2018).

CICs are available in many countries throughout the world, including widely throughout Central and South America, in Mexico and the Caribbean, in China, in several Southeast Asian and African countries, and in Turkey. ^{[21] [22] [23] [13] [2] [14] [15] [16] [17]} They were also previously available in the United States, Portugal, and Spain, but have been discontinued in these countries. ^{[22] [23]}

Research

Many other CICs have been studied but have not been approved or marketed for clinical use. ^{[15] [16] [61] [25] [62] [2]}

The following are marketed CICs at different doses than those that are approved:

• Estradiol valerate 2.5 to 5 mg + norethisterone enantate 50 to 80 mg in an oil solution ^{[15] [16]}
• Estradiol valerate 10 mg + hydroxyprogesterone caproate 500 mg in an oil solution ^[15]
• Estradiol cypionate 2.5 to 10 mg + medroxyprogesterone acetate 12.5 to 50 mg in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension ^{[15] [16]}
• Estradiol enantate 5 to 50 mg + algestone acetophenide 75 to 200 mg in an oil solution ^{[61] [15]}

The half-progestin-dose formulation of estradiol valerate/norethisterone enantate (5 mg / 25 mg) is also known as HRP-103 and the half-progestin-dose formulation of estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (5 mg / 12.5 mg) is also known as HRP-113. ^[63]

The following are CICs that have never been marketed:

• Estradiol valerate 20 mg + medroxyprogesterone acetate 100 mg in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension ^{[15] [16]}
• Estradiol undecylate 5 to 10 mg + norethisterone enantate 50 to 70 mg in an oil solution ^{[25] [15] [62] [64]}
• Estradiol cypionate + norethisterone enantate ^{[62] [15]}
• Estradiol valerate 10 mg + methenmadinone caproate 60 mg (Lutofollin) ^{[25] [62] [64]}
• Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate 5 mg (oil solution) + norgestrel 25 mg (aqueous suspension) ^{[25] [15] [62] [64] [65]}
• Estradiol cypionate 3.5 to 5 mg + megestrol acetate 25 mg in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension (marketed in China?) ^{[25] [15] [62]}
• Estradiol valerate 3 to 5 mg + chlormadinone caproate 80 mg in an oil solution ^{[25] [15] [62]}
• Estradiol valerate 5 mg + megestrol acetate 15 mg in an aqueous suspension of gelatin microspheres (50–80 μm) ^{[25] [16] [62] [32]}
• Estradiol 5 mg + levonorgestrel 7 mg in an aqueous suspension of monolithic microspheres (80 μm) or in a macrocrystalline suspension (15 μm) ^{[16] [32]}
• Estradiol cypionate 5 mg + levonorgestrel butanoate 7 mg in an aqueous suspension ^[16]
• Estradiol benzoate 5 to 10 mg + norethisterone enanthate 50 to 100 mg ^[62]
• Mestranol 1.0–1.2 mg + norethisterone 10–12 mg in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension of defined particle sizes (125–177 μm) ^{[25] [16] [62] [32]}
• Ethinylestradiol + norethisterone ^[15]
• Estradiol 5 mg and progesterone 100 to 300 mg in an aqueous suspension of monolithic microspheres or in a macrocrystalline suspension ^{[25] [16] [2] [15] [66] [67] [32]}
• Polyestradiol phosphate 40 mg + medroxyprogesterone acetate 150 mg ^{[68] [69] [70]}

See also

• Special Programme on Human Reproduction
• Concept Foundation
• Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
• Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition
• Estradiol-containing oral contraceptive

References

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Further reading

• Garza-Flores J (April 1994). "Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 347–59. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90032-9. PMID   8013219.
• Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–85. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7. PMID   8013220.