Culture of Coimbatore

Last updated

Culture of Coimbatore is based on the culture of the Kongu Nadu region and is distinctly unique. Being a cosmopolitan city, the culture of the city reflects its diverse population which has resulted in a unique blend. Though it is generally considered a traditional city, Coimbatore is more diverse and cosmopolitan than other cities in Tamil Nadu. Traditional music, dance and all other art forms of Tamil Nadu are very popular in the city. One can find a unique blend of culture from traditional foods to fast foods, from ancient temple architecture to modern high-rises and from classical music and dance to the growing nightlife in the city. Popularly called as the Manchester of South India, the city is known for its industries and has developed a reputation for entrepreneurship. [1] [2]

Contents

Music and arts

The city conducts its own music festival every year. [3] Art, dance and music concerts are held annually during the months of September and December (Tamil calendar month – Margazhi). [4] The heavy industrialisation of the city has also resulted in the growth of trade unions. [5] Swamikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of south India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of Tent Cinema in which a tent was erected on an open land to screen the films. [6] [7] Central Studios was set up in 1935 while S. M. Sriramulu Naidu established Pakshiraja Studios in 1945. [8] Coimbatore also houses a number of museums and art galleries like G.D. Naidu Museum & Industrial Exhibition, H A Gass Forest Museum, Government Museum, Kadhi Gandhi Gallery and Kasthuri Srinivasan Art Gallery and Textile Museum. [9] [10]

Religion in Coimbatore (2011) [11]
ReligionPercent(%)
Hindu
 
83.3%
Muslim
 
8.6%
Christian
 
7.5%
Other or not stated
 
0.6%

People

The city's population is predominantly Hindu, along with a small group of Muslim [12] population. Christians, Sikhs and Jains are also present in small numbers. [13] [14] [15] Coimbatore also has a large number of Telugus, [16] Kannadigas , Malayalis, [17] [18] [19] mainly from Palakkad and North Indians, [20] mainly Gujaratis, [21] who are engaged in trade and commerce. During the 1970s the city witnessed a population explosion as a result of migration fueled by increased economic growth and job opportunities. [22] [23]

Popular places of worship
Perur Pateeswarar Temple.jpg
Perur Pateeswarar Temple
Maruthamalai Rajagopuram.jpg
Marudamalai Murugan Temple

Places of worship

The Mariamman festivals at the city's numerous Mariamman temples are major events in summer. [24] There are numerous temples in and around the city popular among those include Major Hindu temples in the city include the Perur Patteeswarar Temple, [25] Naga Sai Mandir, [26] [27] Koniamman Temple, [24] Thandu Mariamman Temple, [28] Eachanari Vinayagar Temple, [29] [30] Puliakulam Temple, [31] Marudamalai Murugan Temple, [32] Loga Nayaga Shaniswara Temple, [33] [34] Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple, [35] Masani Amman Temple, [36] Karamadai Ranganathar Temple, [37] Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple and Adiyogi Shiva. [38] The mosques on Oppanakara Street and Big Bazaar Street date back to the 18th century CE. [39] Christian missions date back to the 17th century when permission was granted by the Nayak rulers to set up churches in the region. [40] Sikh Gurudwaras and Jain temples are also present in Coimbatore. [41]

Cuisine

Dosa with chutney and sambar traditionally served in banana leaf Dosa with chutney and sambar traditionally served in banana leaf.jpg
Dosa with chutney and sambar traditionally served in banana leaf

Coimbatore cuisine is predominantly south Indian with rice as its base. Most local restaurants still retain their rural flavor, with many restaurants serving food over a banana leaf. [42] Eating on a banana leaf is an old custom and imparts a unique flavor to the food and is considered healthy. [43] North Indian, Chinese and continental cuisines are also available. Idly, dosa, paniyaram and appam are popular dishes. [44] [45] [46] [47]

Coimbatore has an active street food culture and various cuisine options for dining. Arisi paruppu sadam and sambar sadam, made from a mixture of dal and rice, is a recipe that existed from the 4th century CE that is unique to the area. Ariseemparuppu or arisi paruppu satham (literally translated as Rice and dal) originated from Coimbatore and the people of the city celebrate January 8 as national Aruseemparuppu day, after given light by a popular influencer and food consultant. [48] Kaalaan is a popular dish prepared by simmering deep-fried mushrooms (usually chopped) in a spicy broth until it reaches a porridge-like consistency; the dish is served sprinkled with chopped onions and coriander leaves. [49] [50] Chaats made from potatoes and a mix of other vegetables and spices are also popular. [51]

Language

Tamil is the official language and Kongu Tamil (also called Kangee or Kongalam), a dialect, is predominantly spoken. [52] The speciality of Kongu Tamil is the use of the alveolar ற – Tra/Dra (as in the English word track) instead of retroflex T/D (ட) of standard Tamil. For example, 'ennuDaya' (mine) of standard Tamil is pronounced enRa in the Kongu dialect. Additionally the use of guttural nasal (ங்) that sounds "ng" as in the English word Gang, is more prevalent in Kongu Tamil, leading to situations where the grammar of Kongu Tamil would not fit into the grammar of standard Tamil (as laid down in authoritative treatises like Tolkappiyam and Nannool). One of the examples is the use of ங் to end a word like வாங் "vaang", means 'come' expressed in a respectful tone, which in standard Tamil would be "vaanga". [53] Coimbatore also has a significant number of Telugus, [54] Kannada, [55] Malayalis, [56] [57] [58] and North Indians mainly Gujaratis., [20] [59] As per the 2011 census, Tamil is the most spoken language with 710,326 speakers, followed by Telugu (173,136), Kannada (102,000), Malayalam (76,485). Other languages spoken in the city include Urdu (15,484) and Hindi (13,608). [60] [55] [61]

Festivals

Pongal, the major festival in the region Thai Pongal1.jpg
Pongal, the major festival in the region

Being a cosmopolitan city, almost all major festivals like Deepavali, Eid and Christmas are celebrated here. Thai Pongal, celebrated in the month of January, is an important festival of and is celebrated over a period of five days. Puthandu signifying the beginning of the Tamil calendar usually falls in April and is celebrated widely. Onam is also celebrated with much fanfare due to a considerable Malayali immigrant population. Koniamman Temple car festival is celebrated in the month of March each year. [62] Perur Pateeswarar Temple car festival is celebrated in the month of March each year and seedling planting festival is celebrated each year in the month of June. [63] [64] Vinayagar Chathurthi is celebrated in major temples such as Puliakulam Vinayagar Temple and Eachanari Vinayagar Temple. [65] Thaipusam is another major festival celebrated in Murugan temples. [66] Aravan Festival is celebrated as a "Community Reconciliation Festival" in various areas.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coimbatore</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Coimbatore, sometimes shortened as Kovai, is one of the major metropolitan cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai in terms of population and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the census 2011. It is the administrative capital of Coimbatore District and is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation which was established in 1981.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Namakkal</span> City in Tamil Nadu, India

Namakkal is a City and the headquarters of Namakkal district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the first ISO 14001-2004 certified municipality in Asia for environmental management, specifically the provision and maintenance of water supply, solid waste and sewage management, town planning, lighting and other social services. Namakkal is known as the Egg City due to its large egg production and Transport city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gobichettipalayam</span> Town in Tamil Nadu, India

Gobichettipalayam is a town and municipality in Erode district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Gobichettipalayam taluk. It is situated at the center of the South Indian Peninsula at 213 metres (699 ft) above sea level, surrounded by Western Ghats. It is located 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the district headquarters Erode, 44 kilometres (27 mi) from Tiruppur and 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Coimbatore. Agriculture and textile industries contribute majorly to the economy of the town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhavani, Tamil Nadu</span> Town in Tamil Nadu, India

Bhavani is a Municipality in Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located at the northern periphery of Erode City Municipal Corporation and is around 105 km (65 mi) from Coimbatore and 60 km (37 mi) from Tiruppur and Salem. Bhavani is also known as "Carpet City" as it is known for its carpet industry; blankets and carpets manufactured in the town are known as Bhavani Jamakkalam. As of 2011, the town covers an area of 2.17 square kilometres (0.84 sq mi) and has a population of 39,225. It is a grade II municipality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kongu Nadu</span> Geographical region in India

Kongu Nadu, also known as Kongu Mandalam, is a geographical region comprising the western part of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and parts of southeastern Karnataka and eastern Kerala. The region covers an area of roughly 60,895 km2 (23,512 sq mi) with a population of over 27.4 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temple car</span> Vehicle carrying representation of Hindu god(s)

Temple cars or Temple chariots are used to carry representations of Hindu gods around the streets of the temple on festival days. These chariots are generally manually pulled by the devotees of the deity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coimbatore district</span> District of Tamil Nadu in India

Coimbatore district is one of the 38 districts in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. Coimbatore is the administrative headquarters of the district. It is one of the most industrialized districts and a major textile, industrial, commercial, educational, information technology, healthcare and manufacturing hub of Tamil Nadu. The region is bounded by Tiruppur district in the east, Nilgiris district in the north, Erode district in the northeast, Palakkad district, Idukki district and small parts of Thrissur district and Ernakulam district of neighboring state of Kerala in the west and south respectively. As of 2011, Coimbatore district had a population of 3,458,045 with a sex ratio of 1,000 and literacy rate of 84%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pollachi</span> Town in Tamil Nadu, India

Pollachi is a town and a taluk headquarters in Tamil Nadu state, India. Located about 40 km (25 mi) to the south of Coimbatore, it is the second largest town in the district after Coimbatore. Pollachi is a popular marketplace for jaggery, vegetables and cattle. As of 2011, the town had a population of 90,180. Another name for Pollachi is "Mother of Nature".

Chennimalai is a town in Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is popularly known as the 'Handloom Town'.

Kinathukadavu, meaning Pass of the Well, is a town panchayat suburb of Coimbatore city and taluk in Coimbatore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is along the National Highway 209 and is 23 kilometres (14 mi) from Gandhipuram heart of Coimbatore city and 20.5 kilometres (13 mi) from Pollachi town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vellalore</span> Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Vellalore is a panchayat town in Coimbatore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a southern suburb of the city. It is at 12 km east of Townhall, the centre of the city Coimbatore. It is situated on the southern bank of Noyyal river.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avinashi</span> Suburb of Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, India

Avinashi is a municipality in the Tiruppur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Avinashi is one among the nine taluks of the district. It is one of the most popular pilgrim destinations in the Western Tamil Nadu region. It is located off of National Highway NH544, which bypasses the town. The history of the town is centered around the Avinasilingeswarar temple. The town was previously a part of the Coimbatore district until Tirupur was carved out as a separate district from the erstwhile districts of Coimbatore and Erode. It is a stopping place for vehicles travelling from the western part of Tamil Nadu to Chennai and Cochin.

Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India located on south-eastern coast of the Indian peninsula. The state is straddled by Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats to the west and north and the waters of Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea on the other two sides. It is the home of the Tamil people, who speak Tamil language, one of the oldest surviving languages. The capital and largest city is Chennai which is known as the "Gateway to South India". As of 2021, the state is the most visited and has received the most number of tourists amongst all states of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perur Pateeswarar Temple, Coimbatore</span> Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India

Perur Pateeswarar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located at Perur, in western part of Coimbatore in state of Tamil Nadu in India. The temple was built by Karikala Chola in 2nd century CE. The temple is located on the bank of the Noyyal River and has been patronized by poets like Arunagirinathar and Kachiappa Munivar. Lord Shiva, known as ‘Patteeswarar’, is the presiding deity of this temple together with his consort Parvati, who is known as ‘Pachainayaki’. The deity is believed to be ‘Swayambu Lingam’ (self-emerged).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puliakulam</span> Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

Puliakulam is a residential neighborhood in the city of Coimbatore. The Idol in Puliakulam Vinayagar Temple is one of the largest monolithic(Single stoned) statues and the largest Ganesha idol in Asia. The Temple is Situated on the middle of the Four road Junction and also acts as a roundabout for the Vehicles to pass by. The idol is in the East facing facing the Meena estate and the Sowripalayam Road.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eachanari Vinayagar Temple</span> Historical Vinayaga Temple in the City of Coimbatore Tamilnadu India

Eachanari Vinayagar Temple is a temple dedicated to Hindu god Vinayagar, situated in the village Eachanari near Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is situated about 12 km from the city of Coimbatore on NH 209.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arulmigu Koniamman Temple</span> Historic Hindu temple in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Arulmigu Koniamman Temple, is a historic Hindu temple located on the northern bank of the Noyyal River of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to the goddess Koniamman, a form of Parvati. The temple is at the center of the city of Coimbatore in the core of the city, Town Hall, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Koniamman is the "Guardian Deity" of the city. This temple is one of the twin historic temples in the city, the other being Perur Pateewarar Temple.

Thandu Mariamman Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Thandu Mariamman located in Uppilipalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. According to mythology, the goddess is said to have cured the soldiers of the ruler of Kongu Nadu from chicken pox. The annual car festival celebrated in April is one of the important religious festivals in the region.

Eachanari is a suburb of Coimbatore city in Tamil Nadu, India. The suburb and its environs are also home to the Eachanari Vinayagar Temple. It exists within the Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation jurisdiction.

References

  1. ↑ "Is Coimbatore the next BPO city?". CNBC-TV18. 5 July 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  2. ↑ "German state keen to share expertise with Coimbatore". Business Line. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  3. ↑ "Some music lovers still travel to Chennai for cultural overdoze". The Times of India . 14 December 2011.[ dead link ]
  4. ↑ "In December, all the city's a stage". The Times of India . 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012.
  5. ↑ "A time of troubles". Frontline. 7 March 1998. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. ↑ "He brought cinema to South". The Hindu . Chennai, India. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  7. ↑ "Brahmanyan". The Times of India . 21 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  8. ↑ M. Allirajan (17 November 2003). "Reel-time nostalgia". The Hindu . Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "The natural witness". The Hindu . 19 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  10. ↑ "Gass Forest Museum to be reopened". The Hindu . 21 January 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  11. ↑ "Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  12. ↑ "Indian Muslim Population Data". Aicmeu.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  13. ↑ "Primary Census Abstract – Census 2001". Directorate of Census Operations – Tamil Nadu. Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  14. ↑ "KMK plans to overcome casteist tag". The Hindu . 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  15. ↑ "Roots of capital". Frontline. 5 July 2008. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  16. ↑ The 1971 census puts Telugu speakers at 22.95% of the total population. India. Office of the Registrar General, K. Chockalingam (1979). Census of India, 1971: Tamil Nadu. Manager of Publications. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  17. ↑ Some estimates put it as high as 40% or at 300,000. Rajan, M.C (7 February 2010). "It's passion for the mother tongue not chauvinism". India Today . Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  18. ↑ "Majority should protect the minority". The Hindu. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  19. ↑ "Keralites' wishes take flight on Paramount's wings". The Indian Express . 8 November 2008. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  20. 1 2 "Residential space: Coimbatore spins a growth story". The Economic Times . 17 January 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  21. ↑ "Providing quality education". The Hindu . 24 September 2006. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  22. ↑ Elangovan, K. "Site Suitability Analysis using GIS for Coimbatore City". GIS Development. September 2005. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  23. ↑ Urban labour market structure and job access in India: a study of Coimbatore. International Institute for Labour Studies. 1990. pp. 4–7. ISBN   978-92-9014-468-7.
  24. 1 2 "Rajagopuram for Kovai Koniamman temple too". The Indian Express . 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  25. ↑ Suryanarayanan, R (27 May 2005). "Rich in history and architecture". The Hindu . Retrieved 9 March 2016.[ dead link ]
  26. ↑ R, Balapattabi (1 August 2006). Nectarine Leelas of Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba. Sai Towers. p. 108. ISBN   978-81-7899-009-5.
  27. ↑ N, Kasthuri (16 April 2014). Sathyam Shivam Sundaram – Volume 1. Sri Sathya Sai Sadhana Trust. ISBN   978-93-5069-170-0.
  28. ↑ "Traffic diversions for temple festival tomorrow". The Hindu . 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  29. ↑ "About us, Eachanari Vinayagar Temple". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  30. ↑ "Eachanari Vinayagar Temple". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  31. ↑ Knapp, Stephen (2009). Spiritual India Handbook. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 428–30. ISBN   978-81-8495-024-3.
  32. ↑ Subburaj, A (27 September 2015). "Domestic tourism flourishes in Coimbatore district". Times of India . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  33. ↑ "Shani peyarchi celebrated in Shiva temples". Dina Thanthi (in Tamil). 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  34. ↑ "Shani peyarchi celebrated in Puliakulam temple". Dinamani (in Tamil). 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  35. ↑ "Sri Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  36. ↑ Rangaswamy, Sudhakshina (25 July 2003). "Transformation of the inner Self". The Hindu . Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  37. ↑ M., Rajagopalan (1993). 15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu. Chennai, India: Govindaswamy Printers. pp. 89–95.
  38. ↑ "'Aadiyogi bust' declared world's largest by Guinness Book of World". Hindustan Times . 12 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  39. ↑ Baliga, B.S. (1966). Madras District Gazetteers: Coimbatore. Superintendent, Government Press.
  40. ↑ Hiltebeitel, Alf (2011). When the Goddess was a Woman. BRILL. p. 388. ISBN   978-90-04-19380-2.
  41. ↑ "This road leads to Kovai's only gurdwara". The Times of India . 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  42. ↑ "Serving on a banana leaf". ISCKON. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  43. ↑ "The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves". India Times. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
  44. ↑ "Snack Street combines taste of street food with hygiene of restaurant". The Hindu . 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  45. ↑ Achaya, K.T. (1 November 2003). The story of our food. Universities Press. p. 80. ISBN   978-81-7371-293-7.
  46. ↑ Balasubramanian, D (21 October 2014). "Changes in the Indian menu over the ages". The Hindu . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016.
  47. ↑ "Kovakkai, Kongunadu and Quizzing". The Hindu . 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  48. ↑ Nagarajan, Rema (26 March 2011). "Taste some cuisine from Kongunadu". Times of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  49. ↑ Kannadasan, Akila (2 November 2012). "A rainy day". The Hindu . Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  50. ↑ Nath, Parthasarathy (27 May 2013). "A taste of tradition". The Hindu . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  51. ↑ "Street Food in Coimbatore, 10 Best Food Places in Coimbatore – Treebo". Treebo Blog. 17 December 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  52. ↑ Silva, Severine (1963). Toponomy of Canara. University of Michigan. p. 34. In the southern part of Mysore the Tamil language is at this day named the Kangee, from being best known to them as the language of the people of Kangiam
  53. ↑ Poezold, F; Simpson, William (1809). Tamil̲umaiṅakilēcumāyirukakir̲a akarāti (2nd ed.). Oxford University.
  54. ↑ Chockalingam, K (1979). Census of India, 1971: Tamil Nadu. Government of India. pp. 88–89.
  55. 1 2 "Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  56. ↑ Rajan, M.C. (7 February 2010). "It's passion for the mother tongue not chauvinism". India Today . Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  57. ↑ "Majority should protect the minority". The Hindu . 4 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  58. ↑ "Keralites' wishes take flight on Paramount's wings". The Indian Express . 8 November 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  59. ↑ "Providing quality education". The Hindu . 24 September 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  60. ↑ 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue
  61. ↑ Harriss, John; Kannan, Kappadath Parameswara; Rodgers, Gerry (1990). Urban labour market structure and job access in India: a study of Coimbatore. International Institute for Labour Studies, Centre for Development Studies, University of East Anglia. pp. 4–7. ISBN   978-92-9014-468-7.
  62. ↑ "Koniamman car festival". Thamizhe. 9 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  63. ↑ "பேரூர் பட்டீசுவரர் கோவில் தேரோட்டம்: ஆயிரக்கணக்கான பக்தர்கள் தரிசனம்". 19 March 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  64. ↑ "Seedling Planting Festival at Perur Pateeswarar Temple in Coimbatore". Maalai Malar. 20 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  65. ↑ "Puliakulam temple background". The Tamil Samayam. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  66. ↑ "Thai Poosam celebrated with fervourt". The Hindu . 4 February 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.