 | This article needs additional citations for verification .(December 2009) |
In linguistics, a desiderative (abbreviated DESI or DES) form is one that has the meaning of "wanting to X". Desiderative forms are often verbs, derived from a more basic verb through a process of morphological derivation. Desiderative mood is a kind of volitive mood.
In Sanskrit, the desiderative is formed through the suffixing of /sa/ and the prefixing of a reduplicative syllable, [1] consisting of the first consonant of the root (sometimes modified) and a vowel, usually /i/ but /u/ if the root has an /u/ in it. Changes to the root vowel sometimes happen, as well. The acute accent, which indicates high pitch in Vedic, is usually placed at the first vowel.
For example:
| Base form | Meaning | Desiderative | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| nayati | "he leads" | nínīṣati | "he wants to lead" |
| pibati | "he drinks" | pípāsati | "he wants to drink" |
| jīvati | "he lives" | jíjīviṣati | "he wants to live" |
In Meadow Mari, the desiderative mood is marked by the suffix -не -ne.
| Person | 1st Dec. pos. | 2nd Dec. pos. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular | лекнем2 (I want to go) | мондынем (I want to forget) |
| 2nd Singular | лекнет2 (You want to go) | мондынет (You want to forget) |
| 3rd Singular | лекнеже2 (He/she/it wants to go) | мондынеже (He/she/it wants to forget) |
| 1st Plural | лекнена2 (We want to go) | мондынена (We want to forget) |
| 2nd Plural | лекнеда2 (You want to go) | мондынеда (You want to forget) |
| 3rd Plural | лекнешт2 (They want to go) | мондынешт (They want to forget) |
| Person | 1st Dec. neg. | 2nd Dec. neg. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular | ынем лек2 (I don't want to go) | ынем мондо1 (I don't want to forget) |
| 2nd Singular | ынет лек2 (You don't want to go) | ынет мондо1 (You don't want to forget) |
| 3rd Singular | ынеже лек2 (He/she/it doesn't want to go) | ынеже мондо1 (He/she/it doesn't want to forget) |
| 1st Plural | ынена лек2 (We don't want to go) | ынена мондо1 (We don't want to forget) |
| 2nd Plural | ынеда лек2 (You don't want to go) | ынеда мондо1 (You don't want to forget) |
| 3rd Plural | ынешт лек2 (They don't want to go) | ынешт мондо1 (They don't want to forget) |
In Japanese, the desiderative takes two main forms: -tai (-たい) and -tagaru (-たがる). Both forms conjugate for tense and positivity, but in different ways: with the -tai ending, the verb becomes an -i adjective, or a conjugable adjective, while the ending -tagaru (-tai + -garu suffix) creates a godan/yodan verb. Though there are other, compound forms to demonstrate wanting, these two alone are demonstrated because they are inflections of the main verb. These two forms are plain/informal in nature, and can be elevated to the normal-polite and other levels through normal methods.
-tai is an absolute statement of desire, whereas -tagaru indicates the appearance of desire. Generally, one does not say things such as 太郎さんが食べたい 'Tarō wants to eat' because one cannot read Tarō's thoughts; instead, one says 太郎さんが食べたがる 'it appears that Tarō wants to eat.'
| -たい, -tai | -たがる, -tagaru | Meaning | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past | Positive | 書きたい, kakitai | 書きたがる, kakitagaru | 'want(s) to write' |
| Negative | 書きたくない, kakitakunai | 書きたがらない, kakitagaranai | 'don't/doesn't want to write' | |
| Past | Positive | 書きたかった, kakitakatta | 書きたがった, kakitagatta | 'wanted to write' |
| Negative | 書きたくなかった, kakitakunakatta | 書きたがらなかった, kakitagaranakatta | 'didn't want to write' | |
| -たい, -tai | -たがる, -tagaru | Meaning | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past | Positive | 食べたい, tabetai | 食べたがる, tabetagaru | 'wants to eat' |
| Negative | 食べたくない, tabetakunai | 食べたがらない, tabetagaranai | 'don't/doesn't want to eat' | |
| Past | Positive | 食べたかった, tabetakatta | 食べたがった, tabetagatta | 'wanted to eat' |
| Negative | 食べたくなかった, tabetakunakatta | 食べたがらなかった, tabetagaranakatta | 'didn't want to eat' | |
Proto-Indo-European likely had a desiderative. In some daughter languages like Albanian, Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic and possibly Celtic, it acquired the meaning of a future tense. [1]
The subjunctive is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it. Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action that has not yet occurred; the precise situations in which they are used vary from language to language. The subjunctive is one of the irrealis moods, which refer to what is not necessarily real. It is often contrasted with the indicative, a realis mood which principally indicates that something is a statement of fact.
Bengali grammar is the study of the morphology and syntax of Bengali, an Indo-European language spoken in the Indian subcontinent. Given that Bengali has two forms, চলিত ভাষা and সাধু ভাষা, it is important to note that the grammar discussed below applies fully only to the চলিত (cholito) form. Shadhu bhasha is generally considered outdated and no longer used either in writing or in normal conversation. Although Bengali is typically written in the Bengali script, a romanization scheme is also used here to suggest the pronunciation.
Proto-Indo-European verbs reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the substantive, with verbs categorized according to their aspect, using multiple grammatical moods and voices, and being conjugated according to person, number and tense. In addition to finite forms thus formed, non-finite forms such as participles are also extensively used.
Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the hypothetical ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. Proto-Celtic is often associated with the Urnfield culture and particularly with the Hallstatt culture. Celtic languages share common features with Italic languages that are not found in other branches of Indo-European, suggesting the possibility of an earlier Italo-Celtic linguistic unity.
In Hebrew, verbs, which take the form of derived stems, are conjugated to reflect their tense and mood, as well as to agree with their subjects in gender, number, and person. Each verb has an inherent voice, though a verb in one voice typically has counterparts in other voices. This article deals mostly with Modern Hebrew, but to some extent, the information shown here applies to Biblical Hebrew as well.
Ukrainian grammar is complex and characterised by a high degree of inflection, moreover it has a relatively free word order, although the dominant arrangement is subject–verb–object (SVO). Ukrainian grammar describes its phonological, morphological, and syntactic rules. Ukrainian has seven grammatical cases and two numbers for its nominal declension and two aspects, three tenses, three moods, and two voices for its verbal conjugation. Adjectives agree in number, gender, and case with their nouns.
The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic parts of words to carry a lexical meaning, so-called morphemes. PIE roots usually have verbal meaning like "to eat" or "to run". Roots never occurred alone in the language. Complete inflected verbs, nouns, and adjectives were formed by adding further morphemes to a root and potentially changing the root's vowel in a process called ablaut.
Sanskrit has inherited from its parent, the Proto-Indo-European language, an elaborate system of verbal morphology, much of which has been preserved in Sanskrit as a whole, unlike in other kindred languages, such as Ancient Greek or Latin. Sanskrit verbs thus have an inflection system for different combinations of tense, aspect, mood, voice, number, and person. Non-finite forms such as participles are also extensively used.
Sesotho verbs are words in the language that signify the action or state of a substantive, and are brought into agreement with it using the subjectival concord. This definition excludes imperatives and infinitives, which are respectively interjectives and class 14 nouns.
Vedic Sanskrit is the name given by modern scholarship to the oldest attested descendant of the Proto-Indo-Aryan language. This is the language that was used in the religious hymns known as the four Vedas, in particular, the Rigveda, the oldest of them, dated to have been composed roughly over the period from 1500 to 1000 BCE. Before its standardization as Sanskrit, the Vedic language was a purely spoken language during that period used before the introduction of writing in the language.
The Nukak language is a language of uncertain classification, perhaps part of the macrofamily Puinave-Maku. It is very closely related to Kakwa.
Standard Kannada grammar is primarily based on Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana which provides the fullest systematic exposition of Kannada language. The earlier grammatical works include portions of Kavirajamarga of 9th century, Kavyavalokana and Karnatakabhashabhushana both authored by Nagavarma II in first half of the 12th century.
In linguistic morphology, inflection is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness. The inflection of verbs is called conjugation, and one can refer to the inflection of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, determiners, participles, prepositions and postpositions, numerals, articles, etc., as declension.
Verbs in the Korean language come in last place in a clause. Verbs are the most complex part of speech, and a properly conjugated verb may stand on its own as a complete sentence. This article uses the Yale romanization in bold to show morphology.
This article deals with the grammar of the Udmurt language.
Old Norse has three categories of verbs and two categories of nouns. Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs.
Historical linguistics has made tentative postulations about and multiple varyingly different reconstructions of Proto-Germanic grammar, as inherited from Proto-Indo-European grammar. All reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*).
Arabic verbs, like the verbs in other Semitic languages, and the entire vocabulary in those languages, are based on a set of two to five consonants called a root. The root communicates the basic meaning of the verb, e.g. ك-ت-ب k-t-b 'write', ق-ر-ء q-r-ʾ 'read', ء-ك-ل ʾ-k-l 'eat'. Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as person, gender, number, tense, mood, and voice.
Hindustani verbs conjugate according to mood, tense, person, number, and gender. Hindustani inflection is markedly simpler in comparison to Sanskrit, from which Hindustani has inherited its verbal conjugation system. Aspect-marking participles in Hindustani mark the aspect. Gender is not distinct in the present tense of the indicative mood, but all the participle forms agree with the gender and number of the subject. Verbs agree with the gender of the subject or the object depending on whether the subject pronoun is in the dative or ergative case or the nominative case.
Levantine Arabic grammar is the set of rules by which Levantine Arabic creates statements, questions and commands. In many respects, it is quite similar to that of the other vernacular Arabic varieties.