The Chinese Communist Party (CCP),officially the Communist Party of China (CPC),is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong,the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang. In 1949,Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Since then,the CCP has governed China and has had sole control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Successive leaders of the CCP have added their own theories to the party's constitution,which outlines the party's ideology,collectively referred to as socialism with Chinese characteristics. As of 2023,the CCP has more than 98 million members,making it the second largest political party by membership in the world after India's Bharatiya Janata Party.
The Kuomintang (KMT),also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD),the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP),is a major political party in the Republic of China,initially based on the Chinese mainland and then in Taiwan since 1949. It was the sole ruling party in China during the Republican Era from 1928 to 1949,when most of the Chinese mainland was under its control.
Zhou Enlai was a Chinese statesman,diplomat,and revolutionary who served as the first Premier of the People's Republic of China from September 1954 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and aided the Communist Party in rising to power,later helping consolidate its control,form its foreign policy,and develop the Chinese economy.
The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and the forces of the Chinese Communist Party,with armed conflict continuing intermittently from 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949,resulting in a Communist victory and subsequent control of mainland China.
The Xi'an Incident was a major Chinese political crisis from 12 to 26 December 1936. Chiang Kai-shek,leader of the Nationalist government of China,was placed under house arrest in the city of Xi'an by a Nationalist army he was there to review. Chiang's captors hoped to end the Chinese Civil War and confront Japanese imperial expansion into Chinese territory. After two weeks of intense negotiations between Chiang,his captors,and representatives of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),Chiang was released with a verbal promise to end the civil war and put up a firmer resistance to Japan.
The Sino-Soviet split was the gradual deterioration of relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War. This was primarily caused by doctrinal divergences that arose from their different interpretations and practical applications of Marxism–Leninism,as influenced by their respective geopolitics during the Cold War of 1947–1991. In the late 1950s and early 1960s,Sino-Soviet debates about the interpretation of orthodox Marxism became specific disputes about the Soviet Union's policies of national de-Stalinization and international peaceful coexistence with the Western Bloc,which Chinese founding father Mao Zedong decried as revisionism. Against that ideological background,China took a belligerent stance towards the Western world,and publicly rejected the Soviet Union's policy of peaceful coexistence between the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc. In addition,Beijing resented the Soviet Union's growing ties with India due to factors such as the Sino-Indian border dispute,and Moscow feared that Mao was too nonchalant about the horrors of nuclear warfare.
Qin Bangxian or Ch'in Pang-hsien,better known by his alias Bo Gu was a Chinese senior leader of the Chinese Communist Party and a member of the 28 Bolsheviks.
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,Alliance and Mutual Assistance,or Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance for short,was a bilateral treaty of alliance,collective security,aid and cooperation concluded between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on February 14,1950. It superseded the previous Sino-Soviet treaty signed by the Kuomintang government.
The Second United Front was the alliance between the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to resist the Japanese invasion of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War,which suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1945.
Sino-Soviet relations,or China–Soviet Union relations,refers to the diplomatic relationship between China and the various forms of Soviet Power which emerged from the Russian Revolution of 1917 to 1991,when the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927,the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China,was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang. Following the incident,conservative KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of communists in all areas under their control,and violent suppression occurred in Guangzhou and Changsha. The purge led to an open split between left-wing and right-wing factions in the KMT,with Chiang Kai-shek establishing himself as the leader of the right-wing faction based in Nanjing,in opposition to the original left-wing KMT government based in Wuhan,which was led by Wang Jingwei. By 15 July 1927,the Wuhan regime had expelled the Communists in its ranks,effectively ending the First United Front,a working alliance of both the KMT and CCP under the tutelage of Comintern agents. For the rest of 1927,the CCP would fight to regain power,beginning the Autumn Harvest Uprising. With the failure and the crushing of the Guangzhou Uprising at Guangzhou however,the power of the Communists was largely diminished,unable to launch another major urban offensive.
The history of the Chinese Communist Party began with its establishment in July 1921. A study group led by Peking University professors Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao to discuss Marxism,led to intellectuals officially founding the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in July 1921. In 1923,Sun Yat-sen invited the CCP to form a United Front,and to join his Nationalist Party (GMD) in Canton for training under representatives of the Communist International,the Soviet Union's international organization. The Soviet representatives reorganized both parties into Leninist parties. Rather than the loose organization that characterized the two parties until then,the Leninist party operated on the principle of democratic centralism,in which the collective leadership set standards for membership and an all powerful Central Committee determined the party line,which all members must follow.
Cross-Strait Economic,Trade and Culture Forum,commonly known as the Kuomintang–Chinese Communist Party Forum,was originally proposed by the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party,jointly organized in order to promote cross-strait economic,trade,cultural exchanges dialogue and integration.
The Republic of China (ROC),or simply China,was a sovereign state based on mainland China from 1912 to 1949 prior to the Government of the Republic of China's relocation to Taiwan,where it continues to be based today. The ROC was established on 1 January 1912 during the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty,ending the imperial history of China. The ROC's government was ruled by the Kuomintang as a one-party state based in Nanjing from 1927,until its flight to Taipei on 7 December 1949 following the KMT's de facto defeat by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War. The CCP-led People's Republic of China (PRC) was established in mainland China upon its official proclamation on 1 October 1949,while the ROC retains actual control over the Taiwan Area with the political status of Taiwan remaining in dispute to this day.
The Chinese Communist Revolution was a social and political revolution that culminated in the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. For the preceding century,China had faced escalating social,economic,and political problems as a result of Western imperialism,Japanese imperialism,and the decline of the Qing dynasty. Cyclical famines and an oppressive landlord system kept the large mass of rural peasantry poor and politically disenfranchised. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was formed in 1921 by young urban intellectuals inspired by European socialist ideas and the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. The CCP originally allied itself with the nationalist Kuomintang party against the warlords and foreign imperialist forces,but the Shanghai Massacre of Communists ordered by Kuomintang (KMT) leader Chiang Kai-shek in 1927 forced them into the Chinese Civil War spanning more than two decades.
The Chongqing Negotiations were a series of negotiations between the Kuomintang-ruled Nationalist government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 29 August to 10 October 1945,held in Chongqing,China. The negotiations were highlighted by the final meeting between the leaders of both parties,Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong,which was the first time they had met in 20 years. Most of the negotiations were undertaken by Wang Shijie and Zhou Enlai,representatives of the Nationalist government and CCP,respectively. The negotiations lasted for 43 days,and came to a conclusion after both parties signed the Double Tenth Agreement.
The Jiaochangkou incident was a political riot that took place on 10 February 1946 in Jiaochangkou in the centre of Chongqing City,which was the wartime capital of the Republic of China and declared the second capital after the war by the Nationalist -led government. During 1945–46,KMT and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) held political negotiations over the future of China in the city. The incident marked an open rivalry between the two parties,which eventually led to a civil war that ended up with a CCP victory.
The retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan,also known as the Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan or the Great Retreat in Taiwan,refers to the exodus of the remnants of the internationally recognized Kuomintang-ruled government of the Republic of China (ROC) to the island of Taiwan (Formosa) on December 7,1949,after losing the Chinese Civil War in the mainland. The Kuomintang,its officers,and approximately 2 million ROC troops took part in the retreat,in addition to many civilians and refugees,fleeing the advance of the People's Liberation Army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
The proclamation of the People's Republic of China was made by Mao Zedong,the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),on October 1,1949,in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. The government of a new state under the CCP,formally called the Central People's Government,was proclaimed by Mao at the founding ceremony.
Millet plus rifles,also known as "Millet and rifles" or "a rifle with bags of millet",was a phrase used by Mao Zedong to describe the materials and supplies of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). The first recorded instance of Mao using this phrase is in a speech he gave at a party meeting in Yan'an. He was recalling a conversation with David D. Barrett,an American military officer sent to observe the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) forces fighting in WWII. When warned that the Americans would support Chiang Kai-Shek against the CCP if they refused to enter into a coalition government,Mao had responded:
